Abstract
Introduction: Corn (Zea mays L.) is cultivated widely throughout the world and has the highest production among the cerealsafter rice and wheat. In Iran the total production of corn in 2013 was more than 2540000 tons. Weeds are one of the greatest limiting factors to decrease corn yield in Iran as the average yield loss due to weeds in the fields of Kermanshah in 2009 was 17.32 %. The herbicides are the main weed control method in conventional cropping systems but their application has been increased herbicide resistant weeds and environmental pollution. Integrated weed management combines all applicable including chemical and non-chemical methods to reduce the effect of weeds in the cropping systems. Thus, Weed control strategies such as tillage, mulch, cover crops and intercropping could be used for integrated weed management of corn. Previous studies showed that crop residues such as rye (Secale sereal L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and clover (Trifolium sp.), cover crops and living mulch could inhibit weed germination and growth. Therefore the objective of this study was evaluating the effects of some integrated weed management treatments on weed characteristics, yield components and grain yield of corn. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effect of some weed management treatments on corn (Zea mays L.) yield an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran. This study was arranged based on randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications. The weed management treatments were including 1-chemical control followed by mechanical control (application of nicosulfuron at a dose of 80 g.a.i.ha-1 + cultivator 40 days after emergence) 2- chemical control followed by mechanical control (application of 2,4-D+MCPA at a dose of 675 g.a.i.ha-1 + cultivator 40 days after emergence) 3- cultural control followed by mechanical control (planting hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in the fall +cultivator 40 days after emergence)4- mechanical control (cultivator 25 and 40 days after emergence) 5- cultural control (intercropping of corn with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at density of 200000 plants.ha-1 6- cultural control followed by other cultural control (planting hairy vetch in the fall +intercropping of corn with chickpea) 7- chemical control followed by cultural control (application of glyphosate at a dose of 2050 g.a.i.ha-1 before planting+intercropping of corn with chickpea) 8- cultural control (straw mulch application in the fall in amount of 2625 kg.ha-1) 9- cultural control (straw mulch application in the spring in amount of 2625 kg.ha-1) 10- hand weeding during whole season. Also the weed infested treatment was used as control. Sixty days after corn emergence, the weed sampling was done with 1×0.5 (0.5 m2) quadrate in each plot and weed density was recorded. The samples were dried in 75 ºC oven for 48 hours thenweed dry matter was measured. The plant height and leaf number per plant were measured in all plots. Corn was harvested at economic maturity and grain yield and yield components of corn and weed biomass were measured. The analysis of variance of data was performed using SPSS v.16 and Duncan's multiple range procedure was employed at probability level of 5%. Results and discussion: Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01). The lowest weed dry matter were obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator treatment (72 g.m-2) and the highest one observed in intercropping with chickpea (440 g.m-2) and mulch application in the fall (441 g.m-2). The highest value of plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per ear were observed in 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivator, nicosulfuron + cultivator and hairy vetch+ cultivator treatments. The highest corn grain yield was obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator (8.37 ton.ha-1), nicosulfuron + cultivator (6.5 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ cultivator (6.3 ton.ha-1) treatments, respectively. Also, the lowest grain yield was obtained in mulch application in the fall (1.95 ton.ha-1), intercropping with chickpea (1.96 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ intercropping with chickpea (2.1 ton.ha-1) that were not significantly different with weed infested treatment. Generally we can conclude that application of cultivator with herbicides had the highest efficacy in weed management of corn. Conclusion: Among the weed management treatments application of 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivator, nicosulfuron + cultivator and hairy vetch + cultivator treatments had the most efficiency in corn weed management. This result indicates the importance of cultivator in corn weed management and also it should be used 40 days after corn emergence for high efficacy in weed control. The treatments of intercropping with chickpea and straw mulch had no enough efficacy in corn weed management and should be integrated with other methods. Using non-chemical methods in corn weed management may be causes yield loss but reduces application of herbicides and environmental pollution that is consistent with sustainable agriculture.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-sa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Weed management treatments significantly affected weed density and weed dry matter in corn (p≤ 0.01).
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- different weed management treatmentse1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere1
- Value
- p≤ 0.01e1
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed management treatments significantly affected corn plant height and leaf number per plant (p≤ 0.01).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- different weed management treatmentse1
- Outcome
- corn plant height, leaf number per plante1
- Value
- p≤ 0.01e1
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed management treatments significantly affected the number of kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and kernels per ear of corn (p≤ 0.01).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- different weed management treatmentse1
- Outcome
- number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per eare1
- Value
- p≤ 0.01e1
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed management treatments significantly affected corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- different weed management treatmentse1
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde1
- Value
- p≤ 0.01e1
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2, 4-D + MCPA + cultivator treatment gave the lowest weed dry matter in corn (72 g.m-2).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivatore2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed dry mattere2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 72 g.m-2e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The lowest weed dry matter were obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator treatment (72 g.m-2) and the highest one observed in intercropping with chickpea (440 g.m-2) and mulch application in the fall (441 g.m-2)”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping of corn with chickpea gave the highest weed dry matter (440 g.m-2).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- intercropping with chickpeae2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed dry mattere2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 440 g.m-2e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The lowest weed dry matter were obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator treatment (72 g.m-2) and the highest one observed in intercropping with chickpea (440 g.m-2) and mulch application in the fall (441 g.m-2)”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch application in the fall gave the highest weed dry matter in corn (441 g.m-2).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- mulch application in the falle2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed dry mattere2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 441 g.m-2e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The lowest weed dry matter were obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator treatment (72 g.m-2) and the highest one observed in intercropping with chickpea (440 g.m-2) and mulch application in the fall (441 g.m-2)”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2, 4-D + MCPA + cultivator treatment gave the highest corn grain yield (8.37 ton.ha-1).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivatore2
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 8.37 ton.ha-1e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest corn grain yield was obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator (8.37 ton.ha-1), nicosulfuron + cultivator (6.5 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ cultivator (6.3 ton.ha-1) treatments, respectively”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The nicosulfuron + cultivator treatment gave a high corn grain yield (6.5 ton.ha-1).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- nicosulfuron + cultivatore2
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 6.5 ton.ha-1e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest corn grain yield was obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator (8.37 ton.ha-1), nicosulfuron + cultivator (6.5 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ cultivator (6.3 ton.ha-1) treatments, respectively”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The hairy vetch + cultivator treatment gave a high corn grain yield (6.3 ton.ha-1).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- hairy vetch+ cultivatore2
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 6.3 ton.ha-1e2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest corn grain yield was obtained in 2, 4-D + MCPA+ cultivator (8.37 ton.ha-1), nicosulfuron + cultivator (6.5 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ cultivator (6.3 ton.ha-1) treatments, respectively”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch application in the fall gave the lowest corn grain yield (1.95 ton.ha-1), not significantly different from the weed-infested treatment.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- mulch application in the falle2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1.95 ton.ha-1e2
- Qualifier
- not significantly different with weed infested treatmente2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“the lowest grain yield was obtained in mulch application in the fall (1.95 ton.ha-1), intercropping with chickpea (1.96 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ intercropping with chickpea (2.1 ton.ha-1) that were not significantly different with weed infested treatment”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping of corn with chickpea gave the lowest corn grain yield (1.96 ton.ha-1), not significantly different from the weed-infested treatment.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- intercropping with chickpeae2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1.96 ton.ha-1e2
- Qualifier
- not significantly different with weed infested treatmente2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“the lowest grain yield was obtained in mulch application in the fall (1.95 ton.ha-1), intercropping with chickpea (1.96 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ intercropping with chickpea (2.1 ton.ha-1) that were not significantly different with weed infested treatment”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch + intercropping with chickpea gave the lowest corn grain yield (2.1 ton.ha-1), not significantly different from the weed-infested treatment.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- hairy vetch+ intercropping with chickpeae2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 2.1 ton.ha-1e2
- Qualifier
- not significantly different with weed infested treatmente2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“the lowest grain yield was obtained in mulch application in the fall (1.95 ton.ha-1), intercropping with chickpea (1.96 ton.ha-1) and hairy vetch+ intercropping with chickpea (2.1 ton.ha-1) that were not significantly different with weed infested treatment”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D + MCPA + cultivator treatment gave the highest plant height and kernel traits of corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivatore2
- Outcome
- plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per eare2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest value of plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per ear were observed in 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivator, nicosulfuron + cultivator and hairy vetch+ cultivator treatments”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The nicosulfuron + cultivator treatment gave the highest plant height and kernel traits of corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- nicosulfuron + cultivatore2
- Outcome
- plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per eare2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest value of plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per ear were observed in 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivator, nicosulfuron + cultivator and hairy vetch+ cultivator treatments”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The hairy vetch + cultivator treatment gave the highest plant height and kernel traits of corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- hairy vetch+ cultivatore2
- Outcome
- plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per eare2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Setting
- Ravansar, Kermanshah, Irane3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The highest value of plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per ear were observed in 2,4-D + MCPA+ cultivator, nicosulfuron + cultivator and hairy vetch+ cultivator treatments”
e3“an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Ravansar, Kermanshah, Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that cultivator used with herbicides had the highest efficacy in corn weed management.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- efficacy in weed management of corne2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“Generally we can conclude that application of cultivator with herbicides had the highest efficacy in weed management of corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that intercropping with chickpea and straw mulch had insufficient efficacy and should be integrated with other methods.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- should be integrated with other methodse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“The treatments of intercropping with chickpea and straw mulch had no enough efficacy in corn weed management and should be integrated with other methods”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend using cultivator 40 days after corn emergence for high weed-control efficacy.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- should be used 40 days after corn emergencee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that different weed management treatments had significant effect on weed density and dry matter, corn plant height, leaf number per plant, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear and corn grain yield (p≤ 0.01)”
e2“This result indicates the importance of cultivator in corn weed management and also it should be used 40 days after corn emergence for high efficacy in weed control”
The same questions in other papers
nicosulfuron · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
55 papers more in this group
See all 59 papers →(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Cicer arietinum · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →2,4-D · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →2,4-D · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →mulching · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 48 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
51 papers more in this group
See all 55 papers →intercropping · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 71 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
75 papers more in this group
See all 79 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.