Abstract
Sorghum and sunflower have been reported to contain several allelochemicals. Utilization of these allelochemicals is considered low-cost and natural sources for weed suppression. Field trials were undertaken at Cotton Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam Pakistan during summer 2010 and repeated during summer 2011 for validating the previous results. The experiments were laid out in three replicated randomized complete block design. The seed of cotton variety "Sindh-1" was sown through drilling in the 1 st week of May each year. The treatments consisted of: weedy check (no weeding), interculturing twice (30+60 DAS), Dual Gold 960-EC (S-metolachlor) @ 2.50 L ha - 1 , sorghum water extracts @ 15 L ha -1 (twice) and 25 L ha -1 (once and twice) and sunflower water extracts @ 15 L ha -1 (twice) and 25 L ha -1 (once and twice), sorghum water extract @ 15 L ha -1 +1.25 L ha -1 Dual Gold and sunflower water extract @ 15 L ha -1 +1.25 L ha -1 Dual Gold. In interculturing the land space in between two rows of crop plants was pulverized with the help of local tool spade. The statistical analysis of data showed that interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check. The combined application of sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 resulted in weeds mortality upto 66.6%, produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha -1 and gave net benefit of Rs. 2,20,029. Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 showed weeds mortality of 65.5 %, resulted in seedcotton yield of 3949.7 kg ha -1 and net monetary benefit of Rs. 2,19,821. Sole application of Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1 reduced weeds by 55.9%, produced seedcotton yield of 3212.7 kg ha -1 and net resulted in net benefit of Rs. 1,77,414. It is noteworthy that interculturing twice (30+60 DAS) caused maximum (67.7%) suppression of weeds, produced maximum plant height (117.0 cm) and seedcotton yield (3977.8 kg ha -1 ) but conferred less (Rs. 2,14,151) net monetary benefits as compared to obtained in sorghum + Dual Gold and sunflower + Dual Gold. Overall results suggested that maximum net income was recorded when sorghum water extract was applied in integration with Dual Gold. The combined application of sunflower with Dual Gold ranked second in monetary benefits. Interculturing twice was found less economical due to higher costs of labour. Hence, it can be inferred from the above results that Dual Gold dose can be reduced up to 50% in combination with sorghum or sunflower water extracts for effective and environment friendly weed management and enhancing cotton yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Interculturing significantly reduced weeds and increased seedcotton yield compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- interculturinge0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Interculturing significantly increased seedcotton yield compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- interculturinge0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual Gold significantly reduced weeds compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dual Golde0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual Gold significantly increased seedcotton yield compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dual Golde0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum water extracts significantly reduced weeds compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sorghume0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum water extracts significantly increased seedcotton yield compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sorghume0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower water extracts significantly reduced weeds compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sunflower water extractse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower water extracts significantly increased seedcotton yield compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sunflower water extractse0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing, Dual Gold, and sorghum and sunflower water extracts caused significant reduction of weeds and increased seedcotton yield as compared to weedy check”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum extract with Dual Gold produced 66.6% weed mortality.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weeds mortalitye0
- Direction
- uptoe0
- Value
- 66.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 resulted in weeds mortality upto 66.6%, produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha -1 and gave net benefit of Rs. 2,20,029”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum extract with Dual Gold produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Value
- 3961.4 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 resulted in weeds mortality upto 66.6%, produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha -1 and gave net benefit of Rs. 2,20,029”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum extract with Dual Gold gave a net benefit of Rs. 2,20,029.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Value
- Rs. 2,20,029e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of sorghum @ 15 L ha -1 + Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 resulted in weeds mortality upto 66.6%, produced seedcotton yield of 3961.4 kg ha -1 and gave net benefit of Rs. 2,20,029”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower extract with Dual Gold produced 65.5 % weed mortality.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weeds mortalitye0
- Value
- 65.5 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 showed weeds mortality of 65.5 %, resulted in seedcotton yield of 3949.7 kg ha -1 and net monetary benefit of Rs. 2,19,821”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower extract with Dual Gold produced seedcotton yield of 3949.7 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Value
- 3949.7 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 showed weeds mortality of 65.5 %, resulted in seedcotton yield of 3949.7 kg ha -1 and net monetary benefit of Rs. 2,19,821”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower extract with Dual Gold gave Rs. 2,19,821 net monetary benefit.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- net monetary benefite0
- Value
- Rs. 2,19,821e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower applied @ 15 L ha -1 in integration with Dual Gold @ 1.25 L ha -1 showed weeds mortality of 65.5 %, resulted in seedcotton yield of 3949.7 kg ha -1 and net monetary benefit of Rs. 2,19,821”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual Gold alone reduced weeds by 55.9%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1 reduced weeds by 55.9%, produced seedcotton yield of 3212.7 kg ha -1 and net resulted in net benefit of Rs. 1,77,414”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual Gold alone produced 3212.7 kg ha -1 seedcotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Value
- 3212.7 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1 reduced weeds by 55.9%, produced seedcotton yield of 3212.7 kg ha -1 and net resulted in net benefit of Rs. 1,77,414”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual Gold alone gave Rs. 1,77,414 net benefit.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1e0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Value
- Rs. 1,77,414e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of Dual Gold @ 2.5 L ha -1 reduced weeds by 55.9%, produced seedcotton yield of 3212.7 kg ha -1 and net resulted in net benefit of Rs. 1,77,414”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Interculturing twice gave maximum weed suppression of 67.7%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- interculturing twice (30+60 DAS)e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- suppression of weedse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 67.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing twice (30+60 DAS) caused maximum (67.7%) suppression of weeds, produced maximum plant height (117.0 cm) and seedcotton yield (3977.8 kg ha -1 ) but conferred less (Rs. 2,14,151) net monetary benefits”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Interculturing twice gave maximum plant height of 117.0 cm and seedcotton yield of 3977.8 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- interculturing twice (30+60 DAS)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 117.0 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing twice (30+60 DAS) caused maximum (67.7%) suppression of weeds, produced maximum plant height (117.0 cm) and seedcotton yield (3977.8 kg ha -1 ) but conferred less (Rs. 2,14,151) net monetary benefits”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Interculturing twice produced maximum seedcotton yield of 3977.8 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- interculturing twice (30+60 DAS)e0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3977.8 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interculturing twice (30+60 DAS) caused maximum (67.7%) suppression of weeds, produced maximum plant height (117.0 cm) and seedcotton yield (3977.8 kg ha -1 ) but conferred less (Rs. 2,14,151) net monetary benefits”
t0“Cotton”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.