Abstract
Considering the environmental problems arising from chemical fertilizers usage, many attentions has been drawn to the application of biological fertilizers in agriculture. In order to study the effects of chemical nitrogen fertilization and biofertilizer inoculation on grain yield, yield components and oil yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different rates of plant density, a Factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block design was conducted in three replications. Experimental factors were: (i). Four levels of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), (ii). Two levels of biofertilizer (with and without inoculation) containing of Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. and (iii). Three levels of plant density (8, 10 and 12 plant m-2). The highest plant height, stem and head diameter, number of grains per head, 1000-grains weight, grain yield, oil yield and biological yield were obtained from the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculation. Application of 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 showed no significant difference in these traits. Furthermore, the highest rate of plant density (12 plant m-2) showed the maximum values of grain yield, oil yield and biological yield that was statistically in par with 10 plant m-2 density. The results pointed out that medium plant density (about 10 plant m-2) with moderate N rate (about 150 kg N ha-1) can be beneficial to improve growth, development and total yield of inoculated sunflower.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen rate and inoculation gave the highest growth traits.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse1 - Treatment
- highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculatione0
- Outcome
- plant height, stem and head diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest plant height, stem and head diameter, number of grains per head, 1000-grains weight, grain yield, oil yield and biological yield were obtained from the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculation.”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen rate and inoculation gave the highest grain count and weight.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculatione0
- Outcome
- number of grains per head, 1000-grains weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest plant height, stem and head diameter, number of grains per head, 1000-grains weight, grain yield, oil yield and biological yield were obtained from the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculation.”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen rate and inoculation gave the highest yields.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield, oil yield and biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest plant height, stem and head diameter, number of grains per head, 1000-grains weight, grain yield, oil yield and biological yield were obtained from the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg N ha-1) and biofertilizer inoculation.”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 rates did not differ significantly across listed traits.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse2
- Treatment
- 150e0
- Outcome
- these traitse0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- 200 kg N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 showed no significant difference in these traits.”
e1“1000-grains weight, grain yield, oil yield and biological yield”
e2“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest density gave maximum yields, statistically comparable to 10 plant m-2.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- 12 plant m-2e0
- Outcome
- grain yield, oil yield and biological yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- 10 plant m-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest rate of plant density (12 plant m-2) showed the maximum values of grain yield, oil yield and biological yield that was statistically in par with 10 plant m-2 density.”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend medium density and moderate nitrogen for inoculated sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- medium plant density (about 10 plant m-2) with moderate N rate (about 150 kg N ha-1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“medium plant density (about 10 plant m-2) with moderate N rate (about 150 kg N ha-1) can be beneficial to improve growth, development and total yield of inoculated sunflower”
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