Abstract
A series of assays was carried out aiming to understand the nematicidal activity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by Fusarium oxysporum isolated 21 (Fo-21) on plant-parasitic nematodes. Through analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 50 compounds were detected in the Fo-21 emission. The main classes of compounds emitted by Fo-21 were sesquiterpenes, esters and alcohols. Water exposed to VOCs caused 100% immobility in second-stage juveniles (J 2) of Meloidogyne incognita. In addition, inoculation of those J2 in tomato decreased infectivity up to 70% and reproduction up to 65%. Application of water exposed to VOCs in substrate infested with M. incognita J 2 resulted in 56% reduction in number of galls and 49% in number of eggs. The eight most abundant VOCs emitted by F.o–21 were tested against M. incognita and Heterodera schachtii. Compounds 2– methylbutyl acetate (1), 3-methylbutyl acetate (2), ethyl acetate (7) and, 2-methylpropyl acetate (8), caused in vitro mortality of 100%, 92.5%, 100% and 83.8%, respectively, in M. incognita and 90.0%, 88.8%, 96.3% and 97.5% mortality, respectively, on H. schachtii J 2, when tested at a concentration of 500 µg.ml -1 . The lethal concentration (LC50) for compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, in M. incognita J 2 was of 236, 198, 213 and 218 µg.ml -1 , respectively. Under the same conditions, the commercial nematicide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-benzofuran-7-yl N-methylcarbamate) showed a LC50 of 191 µg.ml -1 . Eggs exposed to compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, for 72 h showed a reduction in hatching of 36.5%, 55.2%, 91.0% and 10.3%, respectively, and reduction in infectivity of 53.0%, 53.0%, 32.0 % and 39.0%, respectively. When compounds were applied in tomato seedlings infested by M. incognita, compound 1 reduced the number of galls per gram of root in 27.5% when compared to the negative control (without the application of nematicide).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected 50 compounds in the volatile emission of Fusarium oxysporum isolate Fo-21.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Through analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 50 compounds were detected in the Fo-21 emission”
Claim · model-written summary
The main classes of compounds emitted by Fo-21 were sesquiterpenes, esters and alcohols.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The main classes of compounds emitted by Fo-21 were sesquiterpenes, esters and alcohols”
Claim · model-written summary
Water exposed to Fo-21 VOCs caused 100% immobility in second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita.
- Treatment
- Water exposed to VOCse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pest - Outcome
- immobilitye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Water exposed to VOCs caused 100% immobility in second-stage juveniles (J 2) of Meloidogyne incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating tomato with VOC-exposed J2 decreased infectivity by up to 70%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculation of those J2e0
- Interactor
- J2e0pest
- Outcome
- infectivitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- up to 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of those J2 in tomato decreased infectivity up to 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating tomato with VOC-exposed J2 decreased nematode reproduction by up to 65%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculation of those J2e0
- Interactor
- J2e0pest
- Outcome
- reproductione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- up to 65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of those J2 in tomato decreased infectivity up to 70% and reproduction up to 65%”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying VOC-exposed water to substrate infested with M. incognita J2 reduced the number of galls by 56%.
- Treatment
- Application of water exposed to VOCse0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- number of gallse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of water exposed to VOCs in substrate infested with M. incognita J 2 resulted in 56% reduction in number of galls and 49% in number of eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying VOC-exposed water to substrate infested with M. incognita J2 reduced the number of eggs by 49%.
- Treatment
- Application of water exposed to VOCse0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- number of eggse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of water exposed to VOCs in substrate infested with M. incognita J 2 resulted in 56% reduction in number of galls and 49% in number of eggs”
Claim · model-written summary
2-methylbutyl acetate (1) caused 100% in vitro mortality of M. incognita J2.
- Treatment
- methylbutyl acetate (1)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- caused in vitro mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compounds 2– methylbutyl acetate (1), 3-methylbutyl acetate (2), ethyl acetate (7) and, 2-methylpropyl acetate (8), caused in vitro mortality of 100%, 92.5%, 100% and 83.8%, respectively, in M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
3-methylbutyl acetate (2) caused 92.5% in vitro mortality of M. incognita J2.
- Treatment
- 3-methylbutyl acetate (2)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- caused in vitro mortalitye0
- Value
- 92.5%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compounds 2– methylbutyl acetate (1), 3-methylbutyl acetate (2), ethyl acetate (7) and, 2-methylpropyl acetate (8), caused in vitro mortality of 100%, 92.5%, 100% and 83.8%, respectively, in M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
ethyl acetate (7) caused 100% in vitro mortality of M. incognita J2.
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate (7)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- caused in vitro mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compounds 2– methylbutyl acetate (1), 3-methylbutyl acetate (2), ethyl acetate (7) and, 2-methylpropyl acetate (8), caused in vitro mortality of 100%, 92.5%, 100% and 83.8%, respectively, in M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
2-methylpropyl acetate (8) caused 83.8% in vitro mortality of M. incognita J2.
- Treatment
- 2-methylpropyl acetate (8)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- caused in vitro mortalitye0
- Value
- 83.8%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compounds 2– methylbutyl acetate (1), 3-methylbutyl acetate (2), ethyl acetate (7) and, 2-methylpropyl acetate (8), caused in vitro mortality of 100%, 92.5%, 100% and 83.8%, respectively, in M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8 caused mortality of 90.0%, 88.8%, 96.3% and 97.5% respectively in Heterodera schachtii J2.
- Interactor
- H. schachtiiHeterodera schachtiie0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 90.0%, 88.8%, 96.3% and 97.5%e0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“90.0%, 88.8%, 96.3% and 97.5% mortality, respectively, on H. schachtii J 2”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC50 of compound 1 against M. incognita J2 was 236 ug/ml.
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- lethal concentration (LC50)e0
- Value
- 236e0
- Qualifier
- compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lethal concentration (LC50) for compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, in M. incognita J 2 was of 236, 198, 213 and 218”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC50 of compound 2 against M. incognita J2 was 198 ug/ml.
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- lethal concentration (LC50)e0
- Value
- 198e0
- Qualifier
- compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lethal concentration (LC50) for compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, in M. incognita J 2 was of 236, 198, 213 and 218”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC50 of compound 7 against M. incognita J2 was 213 ug/ml.
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- lethal concentration (LC50)e0
- Value
- 213e0
- Qualifier
- compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lethal concentration (LC50) for compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, in M. incognita J 2 was of 236, 198, 213 and 218”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC50 of compound 8 against M. incognita J2 was 218 ug/ml.
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- lethal concentration (LC50)e0
- Value
- 218e0
- Qualifier
- compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8e0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lethal concentration (LC50) for compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, in M. incognita J 2 was of 236, 198, 213 and 218”
Claim · model-written summary
The commercial nematicide carbofuran had an LC50 of 191 ug/ml under the same conditions.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the commercial nematicide carbofuran”
e1“showed a LC50 of 191”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggs exposed for 72 h to compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8 showed reductions in hatching of 36.5%, 55.2%, 91.0% and 10.3% respectively.
- Treatment
- compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8e0
- Outcome
- hatchinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 36.5%, 55.2%, 91.0% and 10.3%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Eggs exposed to compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8, for 72 h showed a reduction in hatching of 36.5%, 55.2%, 91.0% and 10.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg exposure to compounds 1, 2, 7 and 8 reduced infectivity by 53.0%, 53.0%, 32.0% and 39.0% respectively.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduction in infectivity of 53.0%, 53.0%, 32.0 % and 39.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
In tomato seedlings infested by M. incognita, compound 1 reduced the number of galls per gram of root by 27.5% versus the negative control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- compound 1e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- number of galls per gram of roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27.5%e0
- Comparator
- negative controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compounds were applied in tomato seedlings infested by M. incognita, compound 1 reduced the number of galls per gram of root in 27.5% when compared to the negative control”
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