Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) stimulates wheat grain yield, but simultaneously reduces protein/nitrogen (N) concentration. Also, other essential nutrients are subject to change. This study is a synthesis of wheat experiments with eCO2, estimating the effects on N, minerals (B, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Zn), and starch. The analysis was performed by (i) deriving response functions to assess the gradual change in element concentration with increasing CO2 concentration, (ii) meta-analysis to test the average magnitude and significance of observed effects, and (iii) relating CO2 effects on minerals to effects on N and grain yield. Responses ranged from zero to strong negative effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration, with the largest reductions for the nutritionally important elements of N, Fe, S, Zn, and Mg. Together with the positive but small and non-significant effect on starch concentration, the large variation in effects suggests that CO2-induced responses cannot be explained only by a simple dilution model. To explain the observed pattern, uptake and transport mechanisms may have to be considered, along with the link of different elements to N uptake. Our study shows that eCO2 has a significant effect on wheat grain stoichiometry, with implications for human nutrition in a world of rising CO2.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had zero to strongly negative effects on mineral concentrations in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- eCO2e0
- Outcome
- mineral concentratione0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Responses ranged from zero to strong negative effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration”
t0“Wheat Grain Composition”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest nutrient concentration reductions under elevated CO2 were for N, Fe and S.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- N, Fe, Se0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the largest reductions for the nutritionally important elements of N, Fe, S, Zn, and Mg.”
t0“Wheat Grain Composition”
e1“effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn and Mg were also among the largest concentration reductions under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Zn, and Mge0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the largest reductions for the nutritionally important elements of N, Fe, S, Zn, and Mg.”
t0“Wheat Grain Composition”
e1“effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had a small positive, non-significant effect on wheat grain starch concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- starch concentratione0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- smalle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the positive but small and non-significant effect on starch concentration”
t0“Wheat Grain Composition”
e1“effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly changed wheat grain stoichiometry.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- eCO2e0
- Outcome
- grain stoichiometrye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our study shows that eCO2 has a significant effect on wheat grain stoichiometry”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · quality: sugar starch · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.