Abstract
Allelopathy is an ecological phenomenon that recently attracted researchers' attention as a new approach in weed control. Pot and field experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effect of Casuarina equisetifolia L. leaf litter, one of three most common Casuarina species in Egypt. The influence was studied during two successive seasons (2012-2014) on wheat and associated weeds through foliar application of the aqueous extract and incorporating Casuarina leaf litter in the soil. In pot experiment, the results showed remarkable improvement in the growth of wheat under screen house conditions at the different rates of incorporation (15, 30 and 45 g dry L/kg soil). On the contrary, associated weed (that is, canary grass) was adversely affected and recorded up to 62% inhibition over the control. Germination was less affected both for crop and weed. Slight increases in macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) elements were recorded in the shoots of wheat, 21 days after sowing, compared to the control. Good response otherwise was noted in increasing soil content of the different nutrients. Under field conditions, the incorporation of dry leaf litter at a rate of 1 ton/fed (fed = 0.42 ha) caused increases in wheat biomass (65 days after sowing) by up to 27.5% in comparison with the untreated control. On the other hand, weed biomass was significantly reduced by up to 27%. Foliar application (twice) of water extract was most effective. Wheat biomass increased by up to 42.9% versus 51.2% reduction in weed biomass compared to the untreated control. Hand pulling treatment for weeds was the best regarding the increase of wheat yield (up to 66.9%) and its components (from 24.4% to >100%) followed by foliar application of the extract and then incorporation of leaf litter in the soil. From these results it can be concluded that spraying water extract of Casuarina leaf litter (comparing to incorporation the litter in the soil) has a high degree of effectiveness which ensures safe use in controlling weeds in wheat fields. Key words: Allelopathy, cannary grass, casuarina leaf litter, nutrients, weed, wheat.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Casuarina litter incorporation improved wheat growth in pots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- incorporation (15, 30 and 45 g dry L/kg soil)e0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Setting
- screen house conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remarkable improvement in the growth of wheat under screen house conditions at the different rates of incorporation (15, 30 and 45 g dry L/kg soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Casuarina litter inhibited canary grass by up to 62% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Casuarina equisetifolia L.t0
- Interactor
- canary grass
Phalaris aquaticae0weed - Outcome
- canary grasse0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- up to 62%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“associated weed (that is, canary grass) was adversely affected and recorded up to 62% inhibition over the control”
t0“Casuarina equisetifolia L. on wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was less affected for wheat and weeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- less affectede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination was less affected both for crop and weed.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot macro and micro elements increased slightly versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) elementse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- 21 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slight increases in macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) elements were recorded in the shoots of wheat, 21 days after sowing, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nutrient content increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil content of the different nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Good response otherwise was noted in increasing soil content of the different nutrients.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Field litter incorporation increased wheat biomass up to 27.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- incorporation of dry leaf litter at a rate of 1 ton/fede0
- Outcome
- wheat biomasse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- up to 27.5%e0
- Qualifier
- 65 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporation of dry leaf litter at a rate of 1 ton/fed (fed = 0.42 ha) caused increases in wheat biomass (65 days after sowing) by up to 27.5% in comparison with the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Field litter incorporation reduced weed biomass up to 27%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weedst0weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 27%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weed biomass was significantly reduced by up to 27%”
t0“wheat, associated weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice applied foliar extract increased wheat biomass up to 42.9%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Foliar application (twice) of water extracte0
- Outcome
- Wheat biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 42.9%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application (twice) of water extract was most effective. Wheat biomass increased by up to 42.9% versus 51.2% reduction in weed biomass compared to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice applied foliar extract reduced weed biomass by 51.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application (twice) of water extracte0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 51.2%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application (twice) of water extract was most effective. Wheat biomass increased by up to 42.9% versus 51.2% reduction in weed biomass compared to the untreated control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand pulling increased wheat yield up to 66.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Hand pulling treatment for weedse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- up to 66.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hand pulling treatment for weeds was the best regarding the increase of wheat yield (up to 66.9%) and its components (from 24.4% to >100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand pulling increased wheat yield components from 24.4% to over 100%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Hand pulling treatment for weedse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- its componentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- from 24.4% to >100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hand pulling treatment for weeds was the best regarding the increase of wheat yield (up to 66.9%) and its components (from 24.4% to >100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded that spraying Casuarina water extract is effective for weed control in wheat fields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- spraying water extract of Casuarina leaf littere0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlling weeds in wheat fieldse0
- Comparator
- incorporation the litter in the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying water extract of Casuarina leaf litter (comparing to incorporation the litter in the soil) has a high degree of effectiveness which ensures safe use in controlling weeds in wheat fields”
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