Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) fumigation under ultralow oxygen (ULO) conditions was studied for its efficacy in controlling codling moth and effects on postharvest quality of apples. NO fumigation was effective against eggs and larvae of different sizes on artificial diet in 48 h treatments. Small larvae were more susceptible to nitric oxide than other stages at 0.5% NO concentration. There were no significant differences among life stages at 1.0% to 2.0% NO concentrations. In 24 h treatments of eggs, 3.0% NO fumigation at 2 °C achieved 100% egg mortality. Two 24 h fumigation treatments of infested apples containing medium and large larvae with 3.0% and 5.0% NO resulted in 98% and 100% mortalities respectively. Sound apples were also fumigated with 5.0% NO for 24 h at 2 °C to determine effects on apple quality. The fumigation treatment was terminated by flushing with nitrogen and had no negative impact on postharvest quality of apples as measured by firmness and color at 2 and 4 weeks after fumigation. This study demonstrated that NO fumigation was effective against codling moth and safe to apple quality, and therefore has potential to become a practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for control of codling moth in apples.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
NO fumigation killed codling moth eggs and larvae on artificial diet in 48-hour treatments.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- NO fumigatione0
- Interactor
- codling moth
Cydia pomonellae1pest - Outcome
- effective against eggs and larvae of different sizese0
- Qualifier
- 48 h treatmentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO fumigation was effective against eggs and larvae of different sizes on artificial diet in 48 h treatments.”
t0“Apples”
e1“controlling codling moth and effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Small larvae were more susceptible to NO at 0.5% than other stages.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- nitric oxidee0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae1pest
- Outcome
- Small larvaee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Value
- 0.5%e0
- Comparator
- other stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small larvae were more susceptible to nitric oxide than other stages at 0.5% NO concentration.”
t0“Apples”
e1“controlling codling moth and effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Life stages did not differ significantly at 1.0% to 2.0% NO.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NOe0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae1pest
- Outcome
- differences among life stagese0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Value
- 1.0% to 2.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences among life stages at 1.0% to 2.0% NO concentrations.”
t0“Apples”
e1“controlling codling moth and effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Three percent NO for 24 hours at 2 °C caused complete egg mortality.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 3.0% NO fumigatione0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae1pest
- Outcome
- egg mortalitye0
- Direction
- achievede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 24 h treatments of eggs, 3.0% NO fumigation at 2 °C achieved 100% egg mortality.”
t0“Apples”
e1“controlling codling moth and effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Three percent NO yielded 98% mortality of medium and large larvae in infested apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 3.0%e0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellat0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two 24 h fumigation treatments of infested apples containing medium and large larvae with 3.0% and 5.0% NO resulted in 98% and 100% mortalities respectively.”
t0“codling moth”
Claim · model-written summary
Five percent NO yielded 100% mortality of medium and large larvae in infested apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 5.0% NOe0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellat0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two 24 h fumigation treatments of infested apples containing medium and large larvae with 3.0% and 5.0% NO resulted in 98% and 100% mortalities respectively.”
t0“codling moth”
Claim · model-written summary
Five percent NO for 24 hours did not harm apple firmness or color after two or four weeks.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fumigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- firmness and colore0
- Direction
- no negative impacte0
- Qualifier
- 2 and 4 weeks after fumigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fumigation treatment was terminated by flushing with nitrogen and had no negative impact on postharvest quality of apples as measured by firmness and color at 2 and 4 weeks after fumigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed NO fumigation as a practical substitute for methyl bromide for codling moth control in apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae0pest
- Outcome
- practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“therefore has potential to become a practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for control of codling moth in apples.”
The same questions in other papers
solarization · Cydia pomonella · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →solarization · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.