Abstract
Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab. In this study, we tested a new sanitation strategy to reduce ascospore inoculum under orchard conditions over three overwintering periods. After leaf fall, nutrient media containing different concentrations of degraded casein or a yeast extract from Saccharomyces cerivisiae were applied to leaf litter infected with apple scab. The application of 30 and 60% yeast extract showed the greatest efficacy, and significantly reduced ascospore discharge by 99% (P < 0.01) in 2013 and 2014. The efficacy of the treatments did not differ from treatment with 5% urea (P > 0.05). Leaf litter decay was accelerated in the plots treated with yeast extract compared with untreated control plots. Moreover, apple leaves treated with yeast extract had completely decayed due to earthworm activity before ascospore maturity. In comparison, up to 26% of the leaves in untreated control plots had not decayed. These results suggest that the treatment of leaf litter with yeast extract can almost completely eliminate apple scab inoculum in the course of the whole primary season. These sanitation practices may be beneficial for both organic and conventional cultivation. The reduced infection pressure may allow growers the usage of fungicides with lower efficacy or to reduce the number of applications needed to manage apple scab in spring.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract at 30 and 60% significantly reduced V. inaequalis ascospore discharge from apple leaf litter by 99% in 2013 and 2014.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- 30 and 60% yeast extracte1
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- ascospore dischargee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 99%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“The application of 30 and 60% yeast extract showed the greatest efficacy, and significantly reduced ascospore discharge by 99% (P < 0.01) in 2013 and 2014”
Claim · model-written summary
The efficacy of yeast extract treatments did not differ from 5% urea.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 30 and 60% yeast extracte1
- Outcome
- efficacye2
- Direction
- did not differe2
- Comparator
- 5% ureae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“The application of 30 and 60% yeast extract showed the greatest efficacy, and significantly reduced ascospore discharge by 99% (P < 0.01) in 2013 and 2014”
e2“The efficacy of the treatments did not differ from treatment with 5% urea (P > 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract accelerated leaf litter decay in apple plots compared with untreated control plots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte1
- Outcome
- Leaf litter decaye1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“Leaf litter decay was accelerated in the plots treated with yeast extract compared with untreated control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple leaves treated with yeast extract had completely decayed before ascospore maturity, due to earthworm activity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte0
- Outcome
- decayede0
- Direction
- completely decayede0
- Qualifier
- due to earthworm activity before ascospore maturitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple leaves treated with yeast extract had completely decayed due to earthworm activity before ascospore maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 26% of apple leaves in untreated control plots had not decayed.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- had not decayede1
- Value
- up to 26%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple leaves treated with yeast extract had completely decayed due to earthworm activity before ascospore maturity”
e1“up to 26% of the leaves in untreated control plots had not decayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract applied to leaf litter can almost completely eliminate apple scab inoculum over the whole primary season.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- yeast extracte1
- Outcome
- apple scab inoculume1
- Direction
- eliminatee1
- Qualifier
- in the course of the whole primary seasone1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“These results suggest that the treatment of leaf litter with yeast extract can almost completely eliminate apple scab inoculum in the course of the whole primary season”
Claim · model-written summary
The sanitation practices may be beneficial for apple cultivation, both organic and conventional.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- sanitation practicese1
- Outcome
- beneficiale1
- Qualifier
- for both organic and conventional cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“These sanitation practices may be beneficial for both organic and conventional cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced infection pressure may allow growers to use fungicides with lower efficacy or fewer applications against apple scab.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- the usage of fungicides with lower efficacye1
- Qualifier
- to reduce the number of applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, released from pseudothecia in overwintered, infected apple leaves, serve as the primary inoculum for apple scab”
e1“The reduced infection pressure may allow growers the usage of fungicides with lower efficacy or to reduce the number of applications needed to manage apple scab in spring”
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