Abstract
Greenhouse experiments were conducted at Wooster, OH, during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to evaluate the responses of five wine grape cultivars to sublethal doses of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate, and the ‘Riesling’ grape to mixtures of 2,4-D plus glyphosate and dicamba plus glyphosate. Treatments were made using a spray system calibrated to deliver 0.757 L min −1 at 276 kPa and 4.8 km h −1 . Herbicides were delivered through 8002 flat spray nozzles and applied at 1/30, 1/100, and 1/300 of the recommended field rate of 840, 560, and 840 g ae ha −1 for 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate, respectively. Injury was observed in all treatments 7 d after treatment (DAT). However, injury symptoms greater than 10% were observed 42 DAT in plants treated with 2,4-D at all rates and plants treated with dicamba at the two highest rates. Injury (35%) at 357 DAT was noted only in plants treated with the highest rate of 2,4-D. French hybrids showed slightly less injury symptoms compared with wine grapes at 7 and 42 DAT. Shoot length reduction in plants treated with 2,4-D at the highest rate was 43, 84, and 16% at 7, 42, and 357 DAT, respectively. Glyphosate caused the fewest injury symptoms in Riesling compared with 2,4-D and dicamba when applied separately or tank mixed with glyphosate. Shoot length reduction in Riesling was observed 42 DAT with all rates of 2,4-D, with and without glyphosate and dicamba, and dicamba plus glyphosate at the highest rate; however, at 357 DAT, no effect was observed in shoot length. Spray drift of 2,4-D and dicamba can severely injure grapes, with injury increasing with increased exposure. The combination of 2,4-D plus glyphosate caused greater injury and shoot length reduction in grapes than glyphosate applied alone.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments caused injury at 7 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape Cultivars
Vitis viniferat0 - Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Injurye0
- Value
- 7 de0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury was observed in all treatments 7 d after treatment (DAT).”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
All 2,4-D rates caused more than 10% injury at 42 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D at all ratese0
- Outcome
- injury symptomse0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- 42 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury symptoms greater than 10% were observed 42 DAT in plants treated with 2,4-D at all rates”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The two highest dicamba rates caused more than 10% injury at 42 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- dicamba at the two highest ratese0
- Outcome
- injury symptomse0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- 42 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury symptoms greater than 10% were observed 42 DAT in plants treated with 2,4-D at all rates and plants treated with dicamba at the two highest rates.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the highest 2,4-D rate caused injury at 357 days, at 35%.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- highest rate of 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- Injurye0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Qualifier
- 357 DATe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury (35%) at 357 DAT was noted only in plants treated with the highest rate of 2,4-D.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
French hybrids had slightly less injury than wine grapes at 7 and 42 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Material
- French hybridse0
- Outcome
- injury symptomse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- 7 and 42 DATe0
- Comparator
- wine grapese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“French hybrids showed slightly less injury symptoms compared with wine grapes at 7 and 42 DAT.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest rate 2,4-D reduced shoot length 43% at 7 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D at the highest ratee0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 43e0
- Qualifier
- 7, 42, and 357 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length reduction in plants treated with 2,4-D at the highest rate was 43, 84, and 16% at 7, 42, and 357 DAT, respectively.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest rate 2,4-D reduced shoot length 84% at 42 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D at the highest ratee0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 84e0
- Qualifier
- 7, 42, and 357 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length reduction in plants treated with 2,4-D at the highest rate was 43, 84, and 16% at 7, 42, and 357 DAT, respectively.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest rate 2,4-D reduced shoot length 16% at 357 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D at the highest ratee0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- 357 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length reduction in plants treated with 2,4-D at the highest rate was 43, 84, and 16% at 7, 42, and 357 DAT, respectively.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate caused the fewest Riesling injury symptoms among herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Rieslinge0
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- injury symptomse0
- Direction
- feweste0
- Comparator
- 2,4-D and dicambae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate caused the fewest injury symptoms in Riesling compared with 2,4-D and dicamba when applied separately or tank mixed with glyphosate.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 42 days, 2,4-D at all rates reduced Riesling shoot length.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Rieslinge0
- Treatment
- all rates of 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- 42 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length reduction in Riesling was observed 42 DAT with all rates of 2,4-D, with and without glyphosate and dicamba, and dicamba plus glyphosate at the highest rate”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 42 days, highest rate dicamba plus glyphosate reduced Riesling shoot length.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Rieslinge0
- Treatment
- dicamba plus glyphosate at the highest ratee0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- 42 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length reduction in Riesling was observed 42 DAT with all rates of 2,4-D, with and without glyphosate and dicamba, and dicamba plus glyphosate at the highest rate”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Riesling shoot length showed no effect at 357 days.
- Taxon
- Wine Grape CultivarsVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- 357 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 357 DAT, no effect was observed in shoot length.”
t0“Wine Grape Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape injury increased with herbicide exposure.
Verbatim
e0“Spray drift of 2,4-D and dicamba can severely injure grapes, with injury increasing with increased exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D plus glyphosate caused more injury than glyphosate alone.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 2,4-D plus glyphosate caused greater injury and shoot length reduction in grapes than glyphosate applied alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D plus glyphosate caused more shoot length reduction than glyphosate alone.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 2,4-D plus glyphosate caused greater injury and shoot length reduction in grapes than glyphosate applied alone.”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2,4-D · growth · VitisPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →glyphosate · growth · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
glyphosate · crop injury · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
2,4-D · crop injury · VitisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.