Abstract
Abstract Conditions for priming tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), carrot ( Daucus carota L.), and onion ( Allium cepa L.) seeds in solutions of K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 and K 2 HPO 4 + KNO 3 were optimized in a series of laboratory and field experiments. When primed in K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 (−1.6 MPa) for 7, 14, or 21 days at 15°, 20°, or 25°C, the percentage of emergence was unchanged in tomato, increased in carrot, and decreased in onion. Although there were some species differences, all priming treatments reduced time-spread and increased median rate of emergence. For this solution, priming at 15° for 14 days was optimal for all 3 species. Detailed experiments using optimized priming solutions in an aerated column for tomato (K 2 HPO 4 + KNO 3 , −1.0 MPa) and for carrots (K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 , −1.5 MPa) demonstrated that 18 days was necessary to prime tomato seeds maximally by reducing the time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr. With carrots, the maximal response was obtained after 16 days of priming. For both species, continued gains in germination could be obtained from prolonged priming, although only at the expense of a reduced percentage of germination. Air-drying and storing of tomato and carrot seeds for up to 28 days had no effect on subsequent emergence in the field. Conversely, air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence and increased time-spread and rate of emergence. In contrast, salt-primed tomato seeds exhibited an increase in percentage and rate of emergence, and a decrease in time-spread of field emergence. Primed carrot seeds exhibited a faster rate of field emergence than those not primed.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Priming in K3PO4 + KNO3 left tomato emergence percentage unchanged.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3e1
- Outcome
- percentage of emergencee1
- Direction
- unchangede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“When primed in K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 (−1.6 MPa) for 7, 14, or 21 days at 15°, 20°, or 25°C, the percentage of emergence was unchanged in tomato, increased in carrot, and decreased in onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming in K3PO4 + KNO3 increased carrot emergence percentage.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotae1 - Treatment
- K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3e1
- Outcome
- percentage of emergencee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“When primed in K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 (−1.6 MPa) for 7, 14, or 21 days at 15°, 20°, or 25°C, the percentage of emergence was unchanged in tomato, increased in carrot, and decreased in onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming in K3PO4 + KNO3 decreased onion emergence percentage.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3e1
- Outcome
- percentage of emergencee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“When primed in K 3 PO 4 + KNO 3 (−1.6 MPa) for 7, 14, or 21 days at 15°, 20°, or 25°C, the percentage of emergence was unchanged in tomato, increased in carrot, and decreased in onion”
Claim · model-written summary
All priming treatments reduced the time-spread of emergence.
- Taxon
- Tomato, Carrot, and OnionDaucus carotaSolanum lycopersicumAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- all priming treatmentse2
- Outcome
- time-spreade2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e2“all priming treatments reduced time-spread and increased median rate of emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
All priming treatments increased the median rate of emergence.
- Taxon
- Tomato, Carrot, and OnionDaucus carotaSolanum lycopersicumAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- all priming treatmentse2
- Outcome
- median rate of emergencee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e2“all priming treatments reduced time-spread and increased median rate of emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming at 15 degrees C for 14 days was optimal for all three species.
- Taxon
- Tomato, Carrot, and OnionDaucus carotaSolanum lycopersicumAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- priming at 15° for 14 dayse3
- Outcome
- optimale3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e3“For this solution, priming at 15° for 14 days was optimal for all 3 species”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming tomato seeds for 18 days was necessary to maximise priming, reducing time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- 18 dayse4
- Outcome
- time-spread of germinatione4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- from 73 to 12 hre4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e4“demonstrated that 18 days was necessary to prime tomato seeds maximally by reducing the time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximal priming response in carrot was reached after 16 days of priming.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae5
- Outcome
- maximal responsee5
- Value
- 16 dayse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e5“With carrots, the maximal response was obtained after 16 days of priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged priming gave continued gains in germination in tomato and carrot.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- prolonged priminge6
- Outcome
- gains in germinatione6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e4“demonstrated that 18 days was necessary to prime tomato seeds maximally by reducing the time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr”
e6“For both species, continued gains in germination could be obtained from prolonged priming, although only at the expense of a reduced percentage of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged priming reduced the percentage of germination in tomato and carrot.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- prolonged priminge6
- Outcome
- percentage of germinatione6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e4“demonstrated that 18 days was necessary to prime tomato seeds maximally by reducing the time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr”
e6“For both species, continued gains in germination could be obtained from prolonged priming, although only at the expense of a reduced percentage of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Air-drying and storing tomato seeds for up to 28 days had no effect on field emergence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- Air-drying and storinge7
- Outcome
- subsequent emergencee7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e7“Air-drying and storing of tomato and carrot seeds for up to 28 days had no effect on subsequent emergence in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- air-drying of onion seedse1
- Outcome
- percentage of emergencee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“Conversely, air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence and increased time-spread and rate of emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Air-drying of onion seeds increased the time-spread of emergence.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- air-drying of onion seedse1
- Outcome
- time-spreade1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“Conversely, air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence and increased time-spread and rate of emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Air-drying of onion seeds increased the rate of emergence.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- air-drying of onion seedse1
- Outcome
- rate of emergencee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e1“Conversely, air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence and increased time-spread and rate of emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-primed tomato seeds increased the percentage and rate of emergence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salt-primede2
- Outcome
- percentage and rate of emergencee2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e2“In contrast, salt-primed tomato seeds exhibited an increase in percentage and rate of emergence, and a decrease in time-spread of field emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-primed tomato seeds decreased the time-spread of field emergence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salt-primede2
- Outcome
- time-spread of field emergencee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e2“In contrast, salt-primed tomato seeds exhibited an increase in percentage and rate of emergence, and a decrease in time-spread of field emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed carrot seeds had a faster rate of field emergence than unprimed seeds.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae3
- Treatment
- Primede3
- Outcome
- rate of field emergencee3
- Direction
- fastere3
- Comparator
- those not primede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds”
e3“Primed carrot seeds exhibited a faster rate of field emergence than those not primed”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Results differ
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- positive
- positive
- no effect
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38 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
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- no effect
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See all 131 papers →salinity · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
38 papers in the same direction as this paper · 261 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 300 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.