Abstract
Abstract The effect of introduction strategy for living mulches (LMs) to reduce the potential nitrate leaching was investigated when grown with vegetables with high nitrogen (N) demand and low use efficiency in four European countries: Italy, Slovenia, Germany and Denmark over 2 yr. The plant N uptake and soil nitrate N content at harvest, in the autumn, and in the following spring were measured below open-pollinated and hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops. The cultivars performed differently over the 2 yr. In Italy and Slovenia, when LM of burr medic or white clover was broad sown (addition design ADD) at the same time as crop transplanting, the N uptake of crops was hampered without increasing the total aboveground N accumulation. Delaying LM sowing by 2.5–4 weeks maintained the N uptake of crops. In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 17–33 kg N ha −1 in the ADD design and 25 kg N ha −1 in the substitution design (SUB), where rows of cash crops were replaced by rows of LM. An overwintering LM of grass–clover incorporated in strips and root pruned decreased soil nitrate at the start of the leaching period by 35 kg N ha −1 in cauliflower, and in leek, an LM of dyer's woad decreased the soil nitrate by 55 kg N ha −1 at harvest and 30 kg N ha −1 at the start of leaching. The effect of delayed LM sowing depended on the LM species and system design. Overall, the SUB and ADD designs showed potential to reduce nitrate leaching, whereas the ADD design had stronger competition against either cash crop or LM. The key to reduce soil nitrate N without jeopardizing crop yields may be to identify suitable growing periods, sometimes combined with root pruning, for each LM species and system design. The LM introduction strategy can be used to control competition and reduce the potential leaching, but the performance depends on the intensity of the interspecific competition and the local conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Broad sowing of living mulch at crop transplanting hampered crop N uptake in Italy and Slovenia without increasing total aboveground N accumulation.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leek
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Allium ampeloprasume2 - Treatment
- LM of burr medic or white clover was broad sown (addition design ADD) at the same time as crop transplantinge1
- Outcome
- N uptake of cropse1
- Direction
- hamperede1
- Qualifier
- without increasing the total aboveground N accumulatione1
- Setting
- Italy and Sloveniae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In Italy and Slovenia, when LM of burr medic or white clover was broad sown (addition design ADD) at the same time as crop transplanting, the N uptake of crops was hampered without increasing the total aboveground N accumulation”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying living mulch sowing by 2.5–4 weeks maintained crop N uptake.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- Delaying LM sowing by 2.5–4 weekse1
- Outcome
- N uptake of cropse1
- Direction
- maintainede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Delaying LM sowing by 2.5–4 weeks maintained the N uptake of crops”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 17–33 kg N ha −1 in the ADD design.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Treatment
- delaying white clover sowing for a monthe1
- Outcome
- soil nitrate at the start of leachinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 17–33 kg N ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- ADD designe1
- Setting
- Germanye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 17–33 kg N ha −1 in the ADD design and 25 kg N ha −1 in the substitution design (SUB)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 25 kg N ha −1 in the substitution design (SUB).
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Treatment
- delaying white clover sowing for a monthe1
- Outcome
- soil nitrate at the start of leachinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 25 kg N ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- substitution design (SUB)e1
- Setting
- Germanye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 17–33 kg N ha −1 in the ADD design and 25 kg N ha −1 in the substitution design (SUB)”
Claim · model-written summary
An overwintering living mulch of grass–clover incorporated in strips and root pruned decreased soil nitrate at the start of the leaching period by 35 kg N ha −1 in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Treatment
- An overwintering LM of grass–clover incorporated in strips and root prunede1
- Outcome
- soil nitrate at the start of the leaching periode1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 35 kg N ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An overwintering LM of grass–clover incorporated in strips and root pruned decreased soil nitrate at the start of the leaching period by 35 kg N ha −1 in cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
In leek, a dyer's woad living mulch decreased soil nitrate by 55 kg N ha −1 at harvest.
- Taxon
- leekAllium ampeloprasume1
- Treatment
- an LM of dyer's woade1
- Outcome
- soil nitratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 55 kg N ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in leek, an LM of dyer's woad decreased the soil nitrate by 55 kg N ha −1 at harvest and 30 kg N ha −1 at the start of leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
In leek, a dyer's woad living mulch decreased soil nitrate by 30 kg N ha −1 at the start of leaching.
- Taxon
- leekAllium ampeloprasume1
- Treatment
- an LM of dyer's woade1
- Outcome
- soil nitratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 30 kg N ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- at the start of leachinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in leek, an LM of dyer's woad decreased the soil nitrate by 55 kg N ha −1 at harvest and 30 kg N ha −1 at the start of leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of delayed living mulch sowing depended on the living mulch species and system design.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- delayed LM sowinge1
- Outcome
- effect of delayed LM sowinge1
- Qualifier
- depended on the LM species and system designe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The effect of delayed LM sowing depended on the LM species and system design”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The subcropping (SUB) and addition (ADD) designs showed potential to reduce nitrate leaching in cauliflower and leek production.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- SUB and ADD designse1
- Outcome
- nitrate leachinge1
- Direction
- reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Overall, the SUB and ADD designs showed potential to reduce nitrate leaching”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The ADD design had stronger interspecific competition against either the cash crop or the living mulch.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- ADD designe1
- Outcome
- competition against either cash crop or LMe1
- Direction
- strongere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the ADD design had stronger competition against either cash crop or LM”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing soil nitrate without jeopardizing crop yields may depend on identifying suitable growing periods, sometimes with root pruning, for each living mulch species and system design.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Outcome
- reduce soil nitrate N without jeopardizing crop yieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The key to reduce soil nitrate N without jeopardizing crop yields may be to identify suitable growing periods, sometimes combined with root pruning, for each LM species and system design”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The living mulch introduction strategy can be used to control competition and reduce the potential leaching.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- LM introduction strategye1
- Outcome
- reduce the potential leachinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LM introduction strategy can be used to control competition and reduce the potential leaching, but the performance depends on the intensity of the interspecific competition and the local conditions”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The performance of the living mulch introduction strategy depends on the intensity of interspecific competition and local conditions.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Treatment
- LM introduction strategye1
- Outcome
- performancee1
- Qualifier
- depends on the intensity of the interspecific competition and the local conditionse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The LM introduction strategy can be used to control competition and reduce the potential leaching, but the performance depends on the intensity of the interspecific competition and the local conditions”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The cultivars of cauliflower and leek performed differently over the 2 years.
- Taxon
- cauliflower and leekBrassica oleracea var. botrytisAllium ampeloprasume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- performed differentlye1
- Qualifier
- over the 2 yre1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The cultivars performed differently over the 2 yr”
e2“hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops”
The same questions in other papers
transplanting · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.