Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to study the integrated effect of nutrient management on rice and wheat yield and its economics in an on-going long term fertilizer experiment initiated during kharif 1991 at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Eight treatments comprising control, 100% NPK (inorganic) and conjoint use of 50 and 75% NPK with 50 and 25% N substitution either through FYM, wheat straw or green manure Sesbania aculeata to rice (June-October) followed by 100 and 75% NPK through inorganics to wheat (November-May), respectively, were imposed since the inception of the experiment. Grain and straw yields of both the crops were recorded after 20th and 21st cropping cycles (2010–11 and 2011–12). The omission of chemical fertilizers and organics for last 20 years (control) resulted in significantly lower yield in comparison to rest of the treatments. Continuous substitution of 50% N through green manure with 50% NPK produced maximum rice grain (7.37 t/ha) and straw (6.21 t/ha) yield which was 16.8 and 14.8% higher over 100% NPK alone. In case of wheat, highest grain yield (3.64 t/ha) was recorded in treatment where 50% N was substituted through FYM to rice crop every year. The data further revealed that application of (i) 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat, (ii) 100% NPK to both the crops and (iii) 50% NPK+50% N through green manure to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat gave significantly higher net returns (193, 170 and 163%, respectively) over control. The highest benefit: cost (B: C) ratio of 1.40 was recorded in treatment where 100% NPK was applied to both the crops followed by 1.22 in treatment where 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat was applied.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated rice had significantly lower yield than treated rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- omission of chemical fertilizers and organicse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- last 20 yearse0
- Comparator
- rest of the treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“The omission of chemical fertilizers and organics for last 20 years (control) resulted in significantly lower yield in comparison to rest of the treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated wheat had significantly lower yield than treated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- omission of chemical fertilizers and organicse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- rest of the treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“The omission of chemical fertilizers and organics for last 20 years (control) resulted in significantly lower yield in comparison to rest of the treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green-manure nitrogen substitution gave maximum rice grain yield of 7.37 t/ha, 16.8% above full NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 50% N through green manure with 50% NPKe0
- Outcome
- rice graine0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 7.37 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 16.8e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“Continuous substitution of 50% N through green manure with 50% NPK produced maximum rice grain (7.37 t/ha) and straw (6.21 t/ha) yield which was 16.8 and 14.8% higher over 100% NPK alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green-manure nitrogen substitution gave maximum rice straw yield of 6.21 t/ha, 14.8% above full NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 50% N through green manure with 50% NPKe0
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.21 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 14.8%e0
- Comparator
- 100% NPK alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“Continuous substitution of 50% N through green manure with 50% NPK produced maximum rice grain (7.37 t/ha) and straw (6.21 t/ha) yield which was 16.8 and 14.8% higher over 100% NPK alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual FYM substitution in rice gave the highest wheat grain yield, 3.64 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50% N was substituted through FYM to rice crop every yeare0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.64 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“In case of wheat, highest grain yield (3.64 t/ha) was recorded in treatment where 50% N was substituted through FYM to rice crop every year.”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM to rice followed by full NPK to wheat raised net returns 193% above control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheate0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 193e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“(i) 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat, (ii) 100% NPK to both the crops and (iii) 50% NPK+50% N through green manure to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat gave significantly higher net returns (193, 170 and 163%, respectively) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full NPK to both crops raised net returns 170% above control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK to both the cropse0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 170e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“(i) 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat, (ii) 100% NPK to both the crops and (iii) 50% NPK+50% N through green manure to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat gave significantly higher net returns (193, 170 and 163%, respectively) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure to rice followed by full NPK to wheat raised net returns 163% above control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 50% NPK+50% N through green manure to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheate0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 163%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“(i) 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat, (ii) 100% NPK to both the crops and (iii) 50% NPK+50% N through green manure to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat gave significantly higher net returns (193, 170 and 163%, respectively) over control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full NPK to both crops yielded the highest benefit to cost ratio, 1.40.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% NPK was applied to both the cropse0
- Outcome
- benefit: cost (B: C) ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.40e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“The highest benefit: cost (B: C) ratio of 1.40 was recorded in treatment where 100% NPK was applied to both the crops followed by 1.22 in treatment where 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat was applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM to rice followed by full NPK to wheat gave a benefit to cost ratio of 1.22.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheate0
- Outcome
- benefit: cost (B: C) ratioe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 1.22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e0“The highest benefit: cost (B: C) ratio of 1.40 was recorded in treatment where 100% NPK was applied to both the crops followed by 1.22 in treatment where 50% NPK+50% N through FYM to rice followed by 100% NPK to wheat was applied.”
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