Abstract
The effectiveness of compounds such as sulphur, lime sulphur, copper and potassium bicarbonate for controlling primary scab was investigated in field experiments over two growing seasons in Belgium on high and medium scabsusceptible cultivars, 'Pinova' and 'Pirouette', respectively, and two Vf scabresistant cultivars, 'Initial' and 'Topaz'. With the aim of reducing the amount of fungicide to be applied, two strategies were evaluated: (i) timing fungicide applications so that spraying occurred during the infection process, as determined by the RIMpro software warning system and (ii) using a tunnel sprayer machine for treatment applications. In both years of the study, although there was high disease pressure, low rates of elemental sulphur (<40 kg ha-1 year-1), combined with low rates of copper (<3 kg ha-1 year-1) provided the best scab control and reduced scab severity on the fruit of 'Pinova' by ≥97% compared with a water control. Lime sulphur was more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be effective at temperatures below 10°C. Potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple scab and was, in some cases, as effective as wettable sulphur, using the same dosage. All treatments increased the yield of the scab-susceptible cultivars as well as that of the scabresistant cultivars. Under these conditions, none of the treatments caused phytotoxicity, increased fruit russet, affected the summer density of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri or resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low rates of elemental sulphur combined with low rates of copper gave the best scab control and reduced scab severity on Pinova fruit by 97% or more compared with a water control.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Pinovae1
- Treatment
- low rates of elemental sulphur (<40 kg ha-1 year-1), combined with low rates of copper (<3 kg ha-1 year-1)e1
- Outcome
- scab severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- ≥97%e1
- Comparator
- a water controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e1“low rates of elemental sulphur (<40 kg ha-1 year-1), combined with low rates of copper (<3 kg ha-1 year-1) provided the best scab control and reduced scab severity on the fruit of 'Pinova' by ≥97% compared with a water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime sulphur was more effective than wettable sulphur.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Lime sulphure2
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- wettable sulphure2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e2“Lime sulphur was more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be effective at temperatures below 10°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime sulphur appeared to be effective at temperatures below 10°C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Lime sulphure2
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Qualifier
- temperatures below 10°Ce2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e2“Lime sulphur was more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be effective at temperatures below 10°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple scab.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae3
- Treatment
- Potassium bicarbonatee3
- Outcome
- apple scabe3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e3“Potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple scab and was, in some cases, as effective as wettable sulphur, using the same dosage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bicarbonate was, in some cases, as effective as wettable sulphur at the same dosage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bicarbonatee3
- Outcome
- effectivee3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Qualifier
- in some casese3
- Comparator
- wettable sulphure3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e3“Potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple scab and was, in some cases, as effective as wettable sulphur, using the same dosage.”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased the yield of the scab-susceptible cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- scab-susceptible cultivarse4
- Treatment
- All treatmentse4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e4“All treatments increased the yield of the scab-susceptible cultivars as well as that of the scabresistant cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased the yield of the scabresistant cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- scabresistant cultivarse4
- Treatment
- All treatmentse4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e4“All treatments increased the yield of the scab-susceptible cultivars as well as that of the scabresistant cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the treatments caused phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse5
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e5“Under these conditions, none of the treatments caused phytotoxicity, increased fruit russet, affected the summer density of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri or resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the treatments increased fruit russet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse5
- Outcome
- fruit russete5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e5“Under these conditions, none of the treatments caused phytotoxicity, increased fruit russet, affected the summer density of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri or resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the treatments affected the summer density of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse5
- Interactor
- Typhlodromus pyriTyphlodromus pyrie5other
- Outcome
- summer densitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e5“Under these conditions, none of the treatments caused phytotoxicity, increased fruit russet, affected the summer density of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri or resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the treatments resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse5
- Outcome
- undesirable residues on fruite5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION”
e5“Under these conditions, none of the treatments caused phytotoxicity, increased fruit russet, affected the summer density of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri or resulted in undesirable residues on fruit at harvest.”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.