Abstract
Sugar-beet and barley were grown in pots outdoors (environment N) and, for five successive 4-week periods starting at sowing, batches of plants were transferred to three growth rooms whose temperatures were either similar to the outdoor mean (environment M), or 3° C hotter (environment H) or 3° C colder (environment C). Some plants were harvested immediately after treatment; others were returned to environment N and harvested when mature. At the end of period 1, sugar-beet plants from environment M had more dry weight and leaf area than those outdoors. Immediately after spending later periods in environment M, plants had smaller leaves and similar dry weight to those continuously outdoors. These differences disappeared by maturity. Warmth in the growth rooms (i.e. the difference H—C) during periods 1, 2, and 3, while leaf area was increasing, increased the number and size of leaves and usually also dry weight; in later periods it had no effect. The effects induced during periods 2 and 3, but not period 1, persisted to maturity to give greater total and root dry weight and yield of sugar. The final effects on dry weight were much larger than those immediately after treatment, and were the result of differences in growth outdoors after treatment which depended on differences in leaf area; the efficiency of the leaves was not affected by previous treatment. Transferring barley to environment M from N had inconsistent immediate effects on leaf area and dry weight which disappeared by the final harvest. Transfer during periods 2 and 3, before the ears had started emerging, increased shoot number and delayed development. The proportion of the ears that ripened and the yield of grain were usually less for plants that had spent a period in environment M than for plants permanently outdoors, which also had some green ears. Warmth in the growth rooms during periods 1 and 2 increased dry weight and leaf area immediately, but had negligible effects at maturity because the increases in leaf area did not persist after ear emergence. Warmth later hastened death of leaves, decreased total dry weight immediately and also at maturity, but increased the proportion of ears that ripened and hence usually grain weight. Variation in leaf area duration after ear emergence (D), determined by effects on the time the ears emerged and the rate the leaves died, accounted for most of the variation in grain yield, but warmth after the ears emerged decreased grain yield less than proportionally to the decrease in D. Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley, and decreased less with age. E of both species was usually greater in environment M than outdoors in spite of less radiation. It was only slightly affected by temperature. Nitrogen and potassium uptake were increased by treatments that increased dry weight. The percentage contents suggest that extra uptake was a consequence and not a cause of the increase in dry weight.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar-beet plants from environment M had more dry weight and leaf area than plants outdoors at the end of period 1.
- Taxon
- sugar-beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- environment Me0
- Outcome
- dry weight and leaf areae0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- those outdoorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sugar-beet plants from environment M had more dry weight and leaf area than those outdoors”
Claim · model-written summary
Immediately after later periods in environment M, sugar-beet plants had smaller leaves and similar dry weight than those continuously outdoors.
- Taxon
- sugar-beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- later periods in environment Me1
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- smallere1
- Qualifier
- similar dry weighte1
- Comparator
- those continuously outdoorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sugar-beet plants from environment M had more dry weight and leaf area than those outdoors”
e1“Immediately after spending later periods in environment M, plants had smaller leaves and similar dry weight to those continuously outdoors”
Claim · model-written summary
The differences in sugar-beet growth after environment M treatment disappeared by maturity.
- Taxon
- sugar-beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- environment Me0
- Outcome
- differencese2
- Direction
- disappearede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sugar-beet plants from environment M had more dry weight and leaf area than those outdoors”
e2“These differences disappeared by maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmth in the growth rooms during periods 1, 2 and 3 increased the number and size of sugar-beet leaves and usually also dry weight; in later periods it had no effect.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Warmth in the growth roomse3
- Outcome
- number and size of leaves and usually also dry weighte3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- in later periods it had no effecte4
- Comparator
- the difference H—Ce3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e3“Warmth in the growth rooms (i.e. the difference H—C) during periods 1, 2, and 3, while leaf area was increasing, increased the number and size of leaves and usually also dry weight”
e4“in later periods it had no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects induced in periods 2 and 3, but not period 1, persisted to maturity as greater total and root dry weight and sugar yield.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- during periods 2 and 3e5
- Outcome
- total and root dry weight and yield of sugare5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Comparator
- not period 1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e5“The effects induced during periods 2 and 3, but not period 1, persisted to maturity to give greater total and root dry weight and yield of sugar”
Claim · model-written summary
Final effects on sugar-beet dry weight were much larger than those immediately after treatment.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- final effects on dry weighte6
- Direction
- much largere6
- Comparator
- those immediately after treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e6“The final effects on dry weight were much larger than those immediately after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Final sugar-beet dry weight effects resulted from growth differences after treatment that depended on leaf area.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- final effects on dry weighte6
- Qualifier
- differences in leaf areae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e6“The final effects on dry weight were much larger than those immediately after treatment”
e7“were the result of differences in growth outdoors after treatment which depended on differences in leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
The efficiency of sugar-beet leaves was not affected by previous treatment.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- previous treatmente1
- Outcome
- efficiency of the leavese1
- Direction
- not affectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“the efficiency of the leaves was not affected by previous treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than that of barley and decreased less with age.
- Taxon
- sugar-beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate (E)e1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- and decreased less with agee2
- Comparator
- barleye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley”
e2“and decreased less with age”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was usually greater in environment M than outdoors despite less radiation.
- Taxon
- sugar-beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- environment Me2
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate (E)e1
- Direction
- greatere2
- Qualifier
- in spite of less radiatione2
- Comparator
- outdoorse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley”
e2“E of both species was usually greater in environment M than outdoors in spite of less radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was only slightly affected by temperature.
- Taxon
- sugar-beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate (E)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley”
e2“It was only slightly affected by temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley transferred to environment M from N had inconsistent immediate effects on leaf area and dry weight that disappeared by final harvest.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- environment Me1
- Outcome
- leaf area and dry weighte1
- Direction
- inconsistente1
- Comparator
- Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Transferring barley to environment M from N had inconsistent immediate effects on leaf area and dry weight which disappeared by the final harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Transfer of barley during periods 2 and 3, before ear emergence, increased shoot number and delayed development.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Transfer during periods 2 and 3e1
- Outcome
- shoot numbere1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- delayed developmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Transfer during periods 2 and 3, before the ears had started emerging, increased shoot number and delayed development”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley plants that spent a period in environment M usually had less ripened ears and grain yield than plants permanently outdoors.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- spent a period in environment Me1
- Outcome
- The proportion of the ears that ripened and the yield of graine1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Qualifier
- usuallye1
- Comparator
- permanently outdoorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“The proportion of the ears that ripened and the yield of grain were usually less for plants that had spent a period in environment M than for plants permanently outdoors”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmth in the growth rooms during periods 1 and 2 increased barley dry weight and leaf area immediately, with negligible effects at maturity.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Warmth in the growth rooms during periods 1 and 2e1
- Outcome
- dry weight and leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- immediatelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Warmth in the growth rooms during periods 1 and 2 increased dry weight and leaf area immediately”
e2“had negligible effects at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Later warmth hastened barley leaf death and decreased total dry weight immediately and at maturity.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Warmth latere1
- Outcome
- death of leavese1
- Direction
- hastenede1
- Qualifier
- immediately and also at maturitye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Warmth later hastened death of leaves, decreased total dry weight immediately and also at maturity, but increased the proportion of ears that ripened and hence usually grain weight”
e2“decreased total dry weight immediately and also at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Later warmth increased the proportion of barley ears that ripened and hence usually grain weight.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Warmth latere1
- Outcome
- the proportion of ears that ripened and hence usually grain weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Warmth later hastened death of leaves, decreased total dry weight immediately and also at maturity, but increased the proportion of ears that ripened and hence usually grain weight”
e2“increased the proportion of ears that ripened and hence usually grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation in leaf area duration after ear emergence accounted for most of the variation in barley grain yield.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- after ear emergencee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Variation in leaf area duration after ear emergence (D), determined by effects on the time the ears emerged and the rate the leaves died, accounted for most of the variation in grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (E) of barley was usually greater in environment M than outdoors despite less radiation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- environment Me2
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate (E)e1
- Direction
- greatere2
- Qualifier
- in spite of less radiatione2
- Comparator
- outdoorse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley”
e2“E of both species was usually greater in environment M than outdoors in spite of less radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (E) of barley was only slightly affected by temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate (E)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet and Barley”
e1“Net assimilation rate (E) of sugar-beet was greater than of barley”
e2“It was only slightly affected by temperature”
The same questions in other papers
climate site · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
climate site · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →climate site · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.