Abstract
Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems (three cultivars, two age groups) on fruit packout and determine if relationships exist between light quality and productivity. Cultivar/rootstock combinations on 1979 T-trellis and central-leader systems had the lowest light levels and relative yields. Trees on either 1979 3-wire trellis, 1986 MIA, or 1985 West Virginia spindle had the highest light transmission, and trees on 1979 or 1985 West Virginia spindle systems had the highest yields. Extra fancy/fancy packouts across systems ranged from 40% to 85%. `Empire', regardless of system, had the highest packouts, and `Golden Delicious' on 1979 or 1986 central leader had the lowest packouts. A regression analysis comparing percentage packout in grades below fancy to percentage full sun indicated that reduced packouts were related to low light conditions. Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to color, russet, bruises, bitter pit, cork spot, apple scab, rots, sooty blotch/fly speck, and tufted apple budmoth. Regression analyses comparing defects to field data indicated that bitter pit decreased as yield efficiency increased, and rot and sooty blotch/fly speck incidence were related to low canopy light penetration. Revenue losses were disproportionate to percentage of downgraded fruit because some defects had a greater impact on grade than others. The greatest revenue losses were for russet in `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader ($1656.60/acre) and for bitter pit in `Golden Delicious' on 1979 T-trellis ($1067.30/acre). Total losses in returns for individual systems ranged from $453.71/acre for `Empire' on 3-wire trellis to $3145.49/acre for `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader. The comparisons of young versus mature system yields and packouts indicate that medium- to high-density vertical or inclined canopy systems are superior to horizontal or low-density vertical freestanding systems. The cost-benefit analyses prescribe areas where management can be changed in existing systems to increase profitability.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar/rootstock combinations on 1979 T-trellis and central-leader systems had the lowest light levels and relative yields.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- 1979 T-trellis and central-leader systemse1
- Outcome
- light levels and relative yieldse1
- Direction
- loweste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Cultivar/rootstock combinations on 1979 T-trellis and central-leader systems had the lowest light levels and relative yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees on 1979 3-wire trellis, 1986 MIA or 1985 West Virginia spindle systems had the highest light transmission.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 1979 3-wire trellis, 1986 MIA, or 1985 West Virginia spindlee2
- Outcome
- light transmissione2
- Direction
- higheste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e2“Trees on either 1979 3-wire trellis, 1986 MIA, or 1985 West Virginia spindle had the highest light transmission”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees on 1979 or 1985 West Virginia spindle systems had the highest yields.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 1979 or 1985 West Virginia spindle systemse3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e3“and trees on 1979 or 1985 West Virginia spindle systems had the highest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra fancy/fancy packouts across systems ranged from 40% to 85%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- Extra fancy/fancy packoutse4
- Value
- 40% to 85%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e4“Extra fancy/fancy packouts across systems ranged from 40% to 85%”
Claim · model-written summary
Empire had the highest packouts regardless of orchard system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Empiree5
- Outcome
- packoutse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- regardless of systeme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e5“`Empire', regardless of system, had the highest packouts, and `Golden Delicious' on 1979 or 1986 central leader had the lowest packouts”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious on 1979 or 1986 central leader had the lowest packouts.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse6
- Treatment
- 1979 or 1986 central leadere6
- Outcome
- packoutse6
- Direction
- loweste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e6“`Golden Delicious' on 1979 or 1986 central leader had the lowest packouts”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced packouts were related to low light conditions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- low light conditionse7
- Outcome
- packoutse7
- Direction
- reducede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e7“reduced packouts were related to low light conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to color, russet and bruises.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Orchard systeme1
- Outcome
- number of fruit downgradede1
- Qualifier
- color, russet, bruisese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to color, russet, bruises, bitter pit, cork spot, apple scab, rots, sooty blotch/fly speck, and tufted apple budmoth”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to bitter pit, cork spot and apple scab.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Orchard systeme1
- Outcome
- number of fruit downgradede1
- Qualifier
- bitter pit, cork spot, apple scabe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to color, russet, bruises, bitter pit, cork spot, apple scab, rots, sooty blotch/fly speck, and tufted apple budmoth”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to rots, sooty blotch/fly speck and tufted apple budmoth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Orchard systeme1
- Outcome
- number of fruit downgradede1
- Qualifier
- rots, sooty blotch/fly speck, and tufted apple budmothe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Orchard system influenced the number of fruit downgraded due to color, russet, bruises, bitter pit, cork spot, apple scab, rots, sooty blotch/fly speck, and tufted apple budmoth”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter pit decreased as yield efficiency increased.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- yield efficiencye1
- Outcome
- bitter pite1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“bitter pit decreased as yield efficiency increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Rot and sooty blotch/fly speck incidence were related to low canopy light penetration.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- low canopy light penetratione1
- Outcome
- rot and sooty blotch/fly speck incidencee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“rot and sooty blotch/fly speck incidence were related to low canopy light penetration”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest revenue loss was for russet in Golden Delicious on 1986 central leader, at $1656.60/acre.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Outcome
- revenue lossese1
- Value
- $1656.60/acree1
- Qualifier
- russete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“The greatest revenue losses were for russet in `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader ($1656.60/acre) and for bitter pit in `Golden Delicious' on 1979 T-trellis ($1067.30/acre)”
Claim · model-written summary
The revenue loss for bitter pit in Golden Delicious on 1979 T-trellis was $1067.30/acre.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Outcome
- revenue lossese1
- Value
- $1067.30/acree1
- Qualifier
- bitter pite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“The greatest revenue losses were for russet in `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader ($1656.60/acre) and for bitter pit in `Golden Delicious' on 1979 T-trellis ($1067.30/acre)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total returns losses for Empire on 3-wire trellis were $453.71/acre.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Empiree1
- Outcome
- Total losses in returnse1
- Value
- $453.71/acree1
- Qualifier
- on 3-wire trellise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Total losses in returns for individual systems ranged from $453.71/acre for `Empire' on 3-wire trellis to $3145.49/acre for `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader”
Claim · model-written summary
Total returns losses for Golden Delicious on 1986 central leader were $3145.49/acre.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Outcome
- Total losses in returnse1
- Value
- $3145.49/acree1
- Qualifier
- on 1986 central leadere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“Total losses in returns for individual systems ranged from $453.71/acre for `Empire' on 3-wire trellis to $3145.49/acre for `Golden Delicious' on 1986 central leader”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium- to high-density vertical or inclined canopy systems are superior to horizontal or low-density vertical freestanding systems in yields and packouts.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- medium- to high-density vertical or inclined canopy systemse1
- Outcome
- system yields and packoutse1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Comparator
- horizontal or low-density vertical freestanding systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“The comparisons of young versus mature system yields and packouts indicate that medium- to high-density vertical or inclined canopy systems are superior to horizontal or low-density vertical freestanding systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Cost-benefit analyses prescribe changing management in existing apple systems to increase profitability.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- profitabilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple packout audits were conducted during 1991 to 1993 to assess effects of five orchard systems”
e1“The cost-benefit analyses prescribe areas where management can be changed in existing systems to increase profitability”
The same questions in other papers
in vitro · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.