Abstract
The increasing trend in the world population and decreasing trend in the suitable land for fruit production, combined with a shortage of water, mandate the use of efficient methods of irrigation and establishment of high-density orchards that require size-controlling rootstocks. Method of irrigation and vigor of rootstock are among the most important factors affecting uptake of mineral nutrients, and thus tree growth and fruit yield and quality attributes of apple ( Malus domestica ). In a long-term experiment, effects of two irrigation methods and four rootstocks on water use, tree growth, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrients were studied in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. The experiment was conducted in southwestern Idaho, which represents the high desert conditions of the Intermountain West region of the United States. Evapotranspiration-based irrigation scheduling (ET c ), adjusted by percentage of ground shading, was used for sprinkler and drip systems. Significantly lower volume of water was applied to the trees with drip irrigation than those with sprinkler irrigation system. Leaf calcium (Ca) decreased but leaf potassium (K) increased with rootstock vigor, resulting in the greatest leaf Ca but lowest leaf K in trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9). Fruit weight and yield per tree in ‘Pacific Gala’ on ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstock was higher than those on B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstocks. ‘Pacific Gala’ on B.9 rootstock had smaller trees and fruit size but higher fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP), suggesting earlier fruit maturity on this rootstock. On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation applied significantly less water than sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- volume of watere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sprinkler irrigation systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly lower volume of water was applied to the trees with drip irrigation than those with sprinkler irrigation system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf calcium decreased with rootstock vigor, with the greatest level on B.9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Budagovsky 9’e0
- Outcome
- Leaf calcium (Ca)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- rootstock vigore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf calcium (Ca) decreased but leaf potassium (K) increased with rootstock vigor, resulting in the greatest leaf Ca but lowest leaf K in trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9).”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf potassium increased with rootstock vigor, with the lowest level on B.9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Budagovsky 9’e0
- Outcome
- leaf potassium (K)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- rootstock vigore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf calcium (Ca) decreased but leaf potassium (K) increased with rootstock vigor, resulting in the greatest leaf Ca but lowest leaf K in trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9).”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
RN29 rootstock gave greater fruit weight than B.9 and G.30.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Pacific Gala’e0
- Treatment
- ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstocke0
- Outcome
- Fruit weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstockse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit weight and yield per tree in ‘Pacific Gala’ on ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstock was higher than those on B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstocks.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
RN29 rootstock gave greater yield per tree than B.9 and G.30.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Pacific Gala’e0
- Treatment
- ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstocke0
- Outcome
- yield per treee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstockse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit weight and yield per tree in ‘Pacific Gala’ on ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstock was higher than those on B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstocks.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
B.9 rootstock produced smaller trees and fruit size.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Pacific Gala’e0
- Treatment
- B.9 rootstocke0
- Outcome
- smaller trees and fruit sizee0
- Direction
- smallere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Pacific Gala’ on B.9 rootstock had smaller trees and fruit size but higher fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP), suggesting earlier fruit maturity on this rootstock.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
B.9 rootstock had higher fruit starch degradation pattern, suggesting earlier maturity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Pacific Gala’e0
- Treatment
- B.9 rootstocke0
- Outcome
- fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Pacific Gala’ on B.9 rootstock had smaller trees and fruit size but higher fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP), suggesting earlier fruit maturity on this rootstock.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation produced larger fruit than sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- sprinkler systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased leaf magnesium and manganese relative to sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sprinkler systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation reduced fruit color and firmness relative to sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- fruit color and firmnesse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- sprinkler systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation reduced leaf calcium, potassium and zinc relative to sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sprinkler systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation reduced leaf copper relative to sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- copper (Cu)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sprinkler systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.”
e1“apple ( Malus domestica )”
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