Abstract
Current greenhouse supplemental lighting technology uses broad-spectrum high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) that, despite being an excellent luminous source, are not the most efficient light source for plant production. Specific light frequencies in the 400- to 700-nm range have been shown to affect photosynthesis more directly than other wavelengths (especially in the red and blue ranges). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could diminish lighting costs as a result of their high efficiency, lower operating temperatures, and wavelength specificity. LEDs can be selected to target the wavelengths used by plants, enabling growers to customize the light produced, to enable maximum plant production and limit wavelengths that do not significantly impact plant growth. In our experiment, hydroponically grown tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown using a full factorial design with three light intensities (high: 135 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , medium: 115 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , and low: 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) at three red (661 nm) to blue (449 nm) ratio levels (5:1, 10:1, and 19:1). Secondary treatments for comparison were 100% HPS, 100% red LED light supplied from above the plant, 100% red LED light supplied below the plant, a 50%:50% LED:HPS mixture, and a control (no supplemental lighting). Both runs of the experiment lasted 120 days during the Summer–Fall 2011 and the Winter–Spring 2011–12. The highest biomass production (excluding fruit) occurred with the 19:1 ratio (red to blue) with increasing intensity resulting in more growth, whereas a higher fruit production was obtained using the 5:1 ratio. The highest marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g) was obtained with the 50%:50% LED:HPS followed by 5:1 high and 19:1 high. Consistently the 5:1 high performed well in every category. LEDs have been shown to be superior in fruit production over HPS alone, and LEDs can improve tomato fruit production when mixed with HPS. LEDs provide a promising mechanism to enhance greenhouse artificial lighting systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The 19:1 red-to-blue LED ratio gave the highest biomass production (excluding fruit) of tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 19:1 ratio (red to blue)e1
- Outcome
- biomass production (excluding fruit)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e1“The highest biomass production (excluding fruit) occurred with the 19:1 ratio (red to blue)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing LED light intensity resulted in more tomato growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing intensitye2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- moree2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e2“with increasing intensity resulting in more growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5:1 red-to-blue LED ratio gave a higher fruit production of tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 5:1 ratioe3
- Outcome
- fruit productione3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e3“a higher fruit production was obtained using the 5:1 ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50%:50% LED:HPS mixture gave the highest marketable tomato fruit production (fruit over 90 g).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 50%:50% LED:HPSe4
- Outcome
- marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e4“The highest marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g) was obtained with the 50%:50% LED:HPS followed by 5:1 high and 19:1 high”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5:1 high LED treatment ranked second for marketable tomato fruit production behind the 50%:50% LED:HPS mixture.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 5:1 highe4
- Outcome
- marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g)e4
- Direction
- followed bye4
- Comparator
- 50%:50% LED:HPSe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e4“The highest marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g) was obtained with the 50%:50% LED:HPS followed by 5:1 high and 19:1 high”
Claim · model-written summary
The 19:1 high LED treatment ranked third for marketable tomato fruit production behind the 50%:50% LED:HPS mixture.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 19:1 highe4
- Outcome
- marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g)e4
- Direction
- followed bye4
- Comparator
- 50%:50% LED:HPSe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e4“The highest marketable fruit production (fruit over 90 g) was obtained with the 50%:50% LED:HPS followed by 5:1 high and 19:1 high”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5:1 high LED treatment performed well in every measured category of tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 5:1 highe5
- Outcome
- every categorye5
- Direction
- performed welle5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e5“Consistently the 5:1 high performed well in every category”
Claim · model-written summary
LEDs were superior to HPS alone in tomato fruit production.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LEDse6
- Outcome
- fruit productione6
- Direction
- superiore6
- Comparator
- HPS alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e6“LEDs have been shown to be superior in fruit production over HPS alone”
Claim · model-written summary
LEDs mixed with HPS improved tomato fruit production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- mixed with HPSe7
- Outcome
- tomato fruit productione7
- Direction
- improvee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e7“LEDs can improve tomato fruit production when mixed with HPS”
Claim · model-written summary
LEDs are a promising mechanism to enhance greenhouse artificial lighting systems for tomato production.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- a promising mechanism to enhance greenhouse artificial lighting systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Greenhouse Tomato Production”
e0“LEDs provide a promising mechanism to enhance greenhouse artificial lighting systems”
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