Abstract
A long-term field experiment on rice yield and soil fertility under different fertilization systems were carried out to study the effects of manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil.In this paper,the 26-year experimental results were analyzed.The results show that the long-term applications of green manure combined with chemical fertilizers are in favor of stable and high yields of rice,reduce amounts of fertilizer applications,and raise agronomic efficiencies(beyond 60%) of chemical fertilizer NPK nutrients.The average rice yield of the OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure) treatment is the highest in 26 years,which is about 64.47% and 6.86% higher than those of the treatments of CK and chemical fertilizer NPK application.The agronomic efficiency of the manure application is 16.33 kg/kg,which is 118.9% higher than that of the treatment of applying chemical fertilizer NPK.The contents of soil organic matter,total N and total P are increased under the green-chemical fertilizer applications,the accumulated amounts are related with the fertilizer application and manure types,and the OM3 treatment is the optimal treatment.The amounts of soil potassium are all in deficiency,the total and available potassium contents are lower than those at the beginning of the experiment,and the OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw) treatment is the optimal treatment,in which the total and available K are 4.28% and 13.94% higher than those of the CK treatment.By analyzing the correlation between rice yield and organic matter,total N,total P and total K in soils,the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.808**) is the soil total K,therefore the K deficiency is the main fertility factor for high yield of rice in paddy soils derived from red soils.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term green manure combined with chemical fertilizer favoured stable and high rice yields.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- green manure combined with chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- yields of ricee1
- Direction
- in favor ofe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e1“the long-term applications of green manure combined with chemical fertilizers are in favor of stable and high yields of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term green manure combined with chemical fertilizer reduced the amounts of fertilizer applied.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manure combined with chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- amounts of fertilizer applicationse2
- Direction
- reducee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e1“the long-term applications of green manure combined with chemical fertilizers are in favor of stable and high yields of rice”
e2“reduce amounts of fertilizer applications,and raise agronomic efficiencies(beyond 60%) of chemical fertilizer NPK nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term green manure combined with chemical fertilizer raised agronomic efficiency of chemical fertilizer NPK nutrients beyond 60%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manure combined with chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- agronomic efficienciese2
- Direction
- raisee2
- Value
- beyond 60%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e1“the long-term applications of green manure combined with chemical fertilizers are in favor of stable and high yields of rice”
e2“reduce amounts of fertilizer applications,and raise agronomic efficiencies(beyond 60%) of chemical fertilizer NPK nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
OM3 (Chinese milkvetch plus pig manure) gave the highest average rice yield over 26 years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure)e3
- Outcome
- average rice yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e3“The average rice yield of the OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure) treatment is the highest in 26 years, which is about 64.47% and 6.86% higher than those of the treatments of CK and chemical fertilizer NPK application”
Claim · model-written summary
Average rice yield under OM3 was 64.47% higher than under CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure)e3
- Outcome
- average rice yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 64.47%e3
- Comparator
- CKe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e3“The average rice yield of the OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure) treatment is the highest in 26 years, which is about 64.47% and 6.86% higher than those of the treatments of CK and chemical fertilizer NPK application”
Claim · model-written summary
Average rice yield under OM3 was 6.86% higher than under chemical fertilizer NPK application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure)e3
- Outcome
- average rice yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 6.86%e3
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizer NPK applicatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e3“The average rice yield of the OM3(Chines milkvetch+pig manure) treatment is the highest in 26 years, which is about 64.47% and 6.86% higher than those of the treatments of CK and chemical fertilizer NPK application”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic efficiency of manure application was 118.9% higher than that of chemical fertilizer NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- manure applicatione4
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiencye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 118.9%e4
- Qualifier
- 16.33 kg/kge4
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizer NPKe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e4“The agronomic efficiency of the manure application is 16.33 kg/kg, which is 118.9% higher than that of the treatment of applying chemical fertilizer NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter, total N and total P increased under green-chemical fertilizer applications.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green-chemical fertilizer applicationse5
- Outcome
- soil organic matter, total N and total Pe5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e5“The contents of soil organic matter, total N and total P are increased under the green-chemical fertilizer applications,the accumulated amounts are related with the fertilizer application and manure types, and the OM3 treatment is the optimal treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated soil nutrient amounts were related to fertilizer application and manure type.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilizer application and manure typese5
- Outcome
- accumulated amountse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e5“The contents of soil organic matter, total N and total P are increased under the green-chemical fertilizer applications,the accumulated amounts are related with the fertilizer application and manure types, and the OM3 treatment is the optimal treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
OM3 treatment was the optimal treatment for soil nutrients.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM3 treatmente5
- Outcome
- optimal treatmente5
- Direction
- optimale5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e5“The contents of soil organic matter, total N and total P are increased under the green-chemical fertilizer applications,the accumulated amounts are related with the fertilizer application and manure types, and the OM3 treatment is the optimal treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil potassium is in deficiency under all treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- amounts of soil potassiume6
- Qualifier
- in deficiencye6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e6“The amounts of soil potassium are all in deficiency, the total and available potassium contents are lower than those at the beginning of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Total and available soil potassium contents were lower than at the beginning of the experiment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- total and available potassium contentse6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- the beginning of the experimente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e6“The amounts of soil potassium are all in deficiency, the total and available potassium contents are lower than those at the beginning of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Under OM4, total K was 4.28% higher than under CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw)e7
- Outcome
- total and available Ke7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 4.28%e7
- Comparator
- CK treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e7“the OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw) treatment is the optimal treatment, in which the total and available K are 4.28% and 13.94% higher than those of the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Under OM4, available K was 13.94% higher than under CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw)e7
- Outcome
- total and available Ke7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 13.94%e7
- Comparator
- CK treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e7“the OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw) treatment is the optimal treatment, in which the total and available K are 4.28% and 13.94% higher than those of the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
OM4 treatment was the optimal treatment for soil potassium.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw)e7
- Outcome
- optimal treatmente7
- Direction
- optimale7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e7“the OM4(Chines milkvetch+fresh rice straw) treatment is the optimal treatment, in which the total and available K are 4.28% and 13.94% higher than those of the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total K had the highest correlation coefficient with rice yield (r=0.808).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- soil total Ke7
- Outcome
- correlation coefficiente7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- r=0.808**e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e7“the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.808**) is the soil total K,therefore the K deficiency is the main fertility factor for high yield of rice in paddy soils derived from red soils”
Claim · model-written summary
K deficiency is the main fertility factor for high rice yield in these paddy soils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- high yield of ricee7
- Qualifier
- K deficiency is the main fertility factore7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil”
e7“the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.808**) is the soil total K,therefore the K deficiency is the main fertility factor for high yield of rice in paddy soils derived from red soils”
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