Abstract
Changes in the yields and quality and the physiological response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. 'Ji′nan17' and 'Lumai21') grown under heat stress during different filling stages were studied. Winter wheat growing in flowerpots was transferred to temperature-controlled open top chambers (OTC) after anthesis. Heat stress treatments of 25 ℃/35 ℃ (night/day) were applied at early filling stage (1-10 days after anthesis), middle filling stage (11-20 days after anthesis), and late filling stage (21-30 days after anthesis). The controls were grown at temperatures of 20 ℃/30 ℃ (night/day). Protein accumulation rate, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, kernel weight and yield, test weight, protein composition, protein content, wet gluten content, glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content, and starch and protein quality traits were measured. The results showed that protein accumulation rate in wheat kernels grown in the 25 ℃/35 ℃ (night/day) chambers were higher than those in the control chambers (p0.05); however, nitrogen accumulation was reduced and the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) declined under heat stress (p0.05). There were differences in starch and protein quality responses to heat stress during the different filling stages. Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress; however, the protein content increased at late filling stage under heat stress. Protein content increased but kernel weight decreased under higher temperatures, which suggested that the starch accumulation rate decreased more sharply than protein accumulation rates under higher temperature. The two varieties, 'Ji'nan17' and 'Lumai21', showed similar responses to heat stress at the different filling stages.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased kernel protein accumulation rate relative to controls.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Treatment
- 25 ℃/35 ℃ (night/day)e0
- Outcome
- protein accumulation ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control chamberse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein accumulation rate in wheat kernels grown in the 25 ℃/35 ℃ (night/day) chambers were higher than those in the control chambers (p0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen accumulation was reduced and the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) declined under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced nitrogen harvest index.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen accumulation was reduced and the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) declined under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early filling heat stress improved protein quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- early filling stagee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- Protein and starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early filling heat stress improved starch quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- early filling stagee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Middle filling heat stress reduced protein quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- middlee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- Protein and starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Middle filling heat stress reduced starch quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- middlee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late filling heat stress reduced protein quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- late filling stagese0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- Protein and starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late filling heat stress reduced starch quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- late filling stagese0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- starch quality traitse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and starch quality traits improved at the early filling stage but declined at the middle and late filling stages under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late filling heat stress increased protein content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- late filling stagee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protein content increased at late filling stage under heat stress”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperatures decreased kernel weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- higher temperaturese0
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein content increased but kernel weight decreased under higher temperatures”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperatures increased protein content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- higher temperaturese0
- Outcome
- Protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein content increased but kernel weight decreased under higher temperatures”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that starch accumulation declined more sharply than protein accumulation under higher temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- starch accumulation ratee0
- Direction
- decreased more sharplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which suggested that the starch accumulation rate decreased more sharply than protein accumulation rates under higher temperature”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ji’nan17 and Lumai21 had similar heat-stress responses across filling stages.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- 'Ji'nan17' and 'Lumai21'e0
- Outcome
- similar responses to heat stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two varieties, 'Ji'nan17' and 'Lumai21', showed similar responses to heat stress at the different filling stages”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv.”
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