Abstract
The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots. Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than this range caused stunting and death, while concentrations less than 1 × 10-7 M had no obvious effect on plant growth. At the lower end of the concentration range, 2,4-D had a small inhibiting effect on seedling growth. Time-course studies on the development of the nodule-like outgrowths showed that they developed at the same rate as control lateral roots; there was regionality within the structure, and at least three cell types were present: a cell division zone, amyloplast-containing cells, and highly vacuolated cells. There was no organised vascular system similar to Rhizobium/legume symbiotic nodules, although vascular tissue was found to enter the nodule-like outgrowths. Different strains of Rhizobium, Azospirillurn, Agrobacterium and Escherichia coli were added separately with 2,4-D to the seedling roots, showing different effects on seedling health and on the growth and internal structure of the nodule-like outgrowths. Generally, bacteria caused a less-organised internal structure to the growths and earlier 'senescence'. Some bacteria also caused stunting and death of seedlings at concentrations of 2,4-D that would have no such effect alone. We conclude that these induced nodule-like outgrowths are modified lateral roots with carbon reserves (as starch in amyloplasts) similar to those found in the cortex of roots, and that microorganisms are able to modulate or interfere with the development of these outgrowths.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D at 5 × 10-5 M to 1 × 10-6 M induced nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)e0
- Outcome
- nodule-like outgrowthse0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6Me0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than this range caused stunting and death of wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than this rangee1
- Outcome
- stunting and deathe1
- Direction
- causede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than this range caused stunting and death”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of 2,4-D below 1 × 10-7 M had no obvious effect on wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- concentrations less than 1 × 10-7 Me2
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- had no obvious effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e2“while concentrations less than 1 × 10-7 M had no obvious effect on plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At the lower end of the concentration range, 2,4-D had a small inhibiting effect on seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De3
- Outcome
- seedling growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitinge3
- Qualifier
- smalle3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e3“At the lower end of the concentration range, 2,4-D had a small inhibiting effect on seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The nodule-like outgrowths developed at the same rate as control lateral roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- developed at the same ratee4
- Qualifier
- as control lateral rootse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e4“Time-course studies on the development of the nodule-like outgrowths showed that they developed at the same rate as control lateral roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The nodule-like outgrowths contain at least three cell types.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- at least three cell typese5
- Qualifier
- a cell division zone, amyloplast-containing cells, and highly vacuolated cellse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e5“there was regionality within the structure, and at least three cell types were present: a cell division zone, amyloplast-containing cells, and highly vacuolated cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The nodule-like outgrowths show regionality within the structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- regionality within the structuree5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e5“there was regionality within the structure, and at least three cell types were present”
Claim · model-written summary
The nodule-like outgrowths have no organised vascular system like Rhizobium/legume nodules.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- organised vascular systeme6
- Qualifier
- similar to Rhizobium/legume symbiotic nodulese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e6“There was no organised vascular system similar to Rhizobium/legume symbiotic nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Vascular tissue enters the nodule-like outgrowths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- vascular tissuee7
- Outcome
- enter the nodule-like outgrowthse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e7“although vascular tissue was found to enter the nodule-like outgrowths”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Agrobacterium and E. coli strains added with 2,4-D gave different effects on wheat seedling health.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium, Azospirillurn, Agrobacterium and Escherichia colie1
- Second interactor
- Agrobacterium
.jpg?width=60)
Agrobacteriume1pathogen - Outcome
- seedling healthe1
- Direction
- different effectse1
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“Different strains of Rhizobium, Azospirillurn, Agrobacterium and Escherichia coli were added separately with 2,4-D to the seedling roots, showing different effects on seedling health and on the growth and internal structure of the nodule-like outgrowths”
Claim · model-written summary
Some bacteria caused stunting and death of wheat seedlings at 2,4-D concentrations that alone had no such effect.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- concentrations of 2,4-De1
- Interactor
- Some bacteriae1other
- Outcome
- stunting and death of seedlingse1
- Direction
- causede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“Some bacteria also caused stunting and death of seedlings at concentrations of 2,4-D that would have no such effect alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteria caused a less-organised internal structure and earlier senescence of the nodule-like outgrowths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- bacteriae1
- Outcome
- internal structuree1
- Direction
- less-organisede1
- Qualifier
- senescencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“Generally, bacteria caused a less-organised internal structure to the growths and earlier 'senescence'”
Claim · model-written summary
Microorganisms probably modulate or interfere with the development of the nodule-like outgrowths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- microorganismse1other
- Outcome
- development of these outgrowthse1
- Qualifier
- modulate or interferee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“microorganisms are able to modulate or interfere with the development of these outgrowths”
Claim · model-written summary
The nodule-like outgrowths are modified lateral roots with carbon reserves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- modified lateral rootse1
- Qualifier
- with carbon reserves (as starch in amyloplasts)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration range of between 5 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6M caused nodule-like outgrowths on wheat seedling roots”
e1“We conclude that these induced nodule-like outgrowths are modified lateral roots with carbon reserves (as starch in amyloplasts) similar to those found in the cortex of roots”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →2,4-D · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →inoculation · Bacteria · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.