Abstract
In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association (broadleafed plants, annual grasses and native perennial grasses) were measured. Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa. Successful treatments were: 2,2-DPA + amitrole, 2,2-DPA + 2,4-D, paraquat + diquat and glyphosate. Intervals of 7 and 28 days between spraying and sowing had no differential effect on establishment. Sowing in late autumn resulted in successful establishment of all species. Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%. The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%. The experiment demonstrated that a nitrophilous weed association can be replaced with perennial pasture species on non-arable land on the Central Tablelands by using aerial techniques. Further research is needed to determine the optimum time of spraying and sowing.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatment of resident species was necessary for M. sativa establishment and development.
Medicago sativaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatment was necessary for P. aquatica establishment and development.
Phalaris aquaticaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
V. dasycarpa established without herbicide treatment.
Vicia villosa subsp. variaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four herbicide treatments succeeded in establishing sown species.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Successful treatments were: 2,2-DPA + amitrole, 2,2-DPA + 2,4-D, paraquat + diquat and glyphosate”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven and 28 day spray-to-sow intervals had no differential effect on establishment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intervals of 7 and 28 days between spraying and sowing had no differential effect on establishment”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late autumn sowing established all species successfully.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sowing in late autumn resulted in successful establishment of all species”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sown species ground cover under herbicides rose to 49% by late 1978.
Verbatim
e0“percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sown species ground cover in controls rose to 12%.
Verbatim
e0“control treatment rose from 0% to 12%”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed ground cover under herbicides decreased to 27%.
Verbatim
e0“percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed ground cover in control decreased to 68%.
Verbatim
e0“control fell from 76% to 68%”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerial techniques can replace weed association with perennial pasture on non-arable land.
Verbatim
e0“a nitrophilous weed association can be replaced with perennial pasture species on non-arable land on the Central Tablelands by using aerial techniques”
t0“Phalaris aquatica and Medicago sativa”
e1“Herbicide treatment of the resident species was necessary for the establishment and development of M. sativa and P. aquatica but not for the establishment of V. dasycarpa.”
e2“In an experiment (1974 to 1978) carried out on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, the effects of nine herbicide treatments, two intervals between spraying and sowing, and sowing in late autumn, on the ability of Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica and Vicia dasycarpa to establish, develop and replace a nitrophilous weed association”
e3“Over four years the percentage ground cover of sown species on the herbicide treatments increased from 0% in early 1974 to 49% in late 1978; the control treatment rose from 0% to 12%.”
e4“The percentage ground cover of the nitrophilous weed association on the herbicide treatments decreased from 76% in 1974 to 27% in 1978; the control fell from 76% to 68%.”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · growth · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
- no effect
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- negative
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See all 20 papers →herbicide · growth · Phalaris aquatica (canary grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.