Abstract
1. A bioassay method based on the gibberellin-induced release of reducing sugars from endosperm, which was originally reported with barley by Nicholes and Paleg, was applied to rice endosperm and the results were compared with the rice seedling method, in which the elongation of leaf sheath was used.2. Various compounds were screened for their possible effects on the release of reducing sugars from rice endosperms (Table 1).Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and its degradation products, gibberellenic acid, and 2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-4-ene-1, 10-dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid) stimulated the release of reducing sugars but allogibberic acid was inactive.Helminthosporol, which is a metabolic product of Helminthosporium sativum, and its derivative, helminthosporic acid, were active from the concentration of 10μg/ml.3. Ten varieties of rice were tested for their responses to GA3. Their sensitivity is variable and may depend on their previous history as well as genotype. Aged seeds, whose germination percentage decreased, were less sensitive to GA3 than fresh ones (Table 2).4. The isolated endosperms obtained from developing seeds of more than 18 days after flowering responded to GA3, but those from much more immature seeds did not (Fig. 3). Also in endosperms of germinating rice, GA3 was able to induce the release of reducing sugars (Fig. 4).5. GA3 can be bioassayed in the range from 0.001 up to 0.1μg/ml using varieties Aichiasahi and Tanginbozu (Fig. 5). This eneosperm method is ten times more sensitive than the rice seedling test.6. Extracts from the following plant species (Figs. 7-11) and human urine (Fig. 12) were examined for the presence of gibberellin-like substances: Pharbitis nil (immature seeds), Oryza sativa (shoots), Cryptomeria japonica (leaves), Equisetum arvense (sporophylls), Porphyra tenera, Chara coronata, and Saccharomyces sp. They were separated by paper chromatography and were found to contain active substances in terms of the release of reducing sugars from rice endosperms. However, the histogram pattern using the endosperm test was not always coincident with that using the rice seedling test. As a typical example, the histogram of gibberellin-like substances of extracts from rice shoots was shown in Fig. 9. By means of the endosperm test the remarkable activity appeared at two zones of Nos. 1 and 8, but in the seedling test the activity was observed at the zone of No. 4 with tailing in Nos. 2 and 3.7. Fig. 12 shows evidence for the presence of gibberellin-like substances in human urine. With the endosperm test, an active zone appeared but by means of the seedling test weak active zones were obtained at different places on the histogram.8. Attempts were made to compare GA3, its degradation products, gibberellenic acid, allogibberic acid, and dicarboxylic acid and helminthosporol on rice endosperm and seedling tests. The relative activities of these compounds to GA3 on the endosperm were different from those found for the seedling (Table 3).9. These findings indicate that there are some differences in the response to gibberellins between the various tissues of the same species.10. The rice endosperm test is very sensitive to GA3, but when the problem is concenrned with elongation, seedling tests are more suitable method than endosperm tests.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acids showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Organic acids (200, 500μg)e0
- Outcome
- rice endosperm teste0
- Direction
- no positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acids showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- amino acids (20, 200μg)e0
- Outcome
- rice endosperm teste0
- Direction
- no positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamins showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- vitamins (20, 200μg)e0
- Outcome
- rice endosperm teste0
- Direction
- no positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxins showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- auxins (2, 20μg)e0
- Outcome
- rice endosperm teste0
- Direction
- no positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinins showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- kinins (2, 20μg)e0
- Outcome
- rice endosperm teste0
- Direction
- no positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids (200, 500μg), amino acids (20, 200μg), vitamins (20, 200μg), auxins (2, 20μg) and kinins (2, 20μg) showed no positive effect in the rice endosperm test.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 stimulated reducing sugar release from rice endosperm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellin A3 (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- release of reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and its degradation products, gibberellenic acid, and 2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-4-ene-1, 10-dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid) stimulated the release of reducing sugars but allogibberic acid was inactive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellenic acid stimulated reducing sugar release.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- gibberellenic acide0
- Outcome
- release of reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and its degradation products, gibberellenic acid, and 2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-4-ene-1, 10-dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid) stimulated the release of reducing sugars but allogibberic acid was inactive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicarboxylic acid stimulated reducing sugar release.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dicarboxylic acide0
- Outcome
- release of reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and its degradation products, gibberellenic acid, and 2, 3, 7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-4-ene-1, 10-dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid) stimulated the release of reducing sugars but allogibberic acid was inactive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Allogibberic acid was inactive.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- allogibberic acide0
- Outcome
- release of reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- inactivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“release of reducing sugars but allogibberic acid was inactive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Helminthosporol was active from 10μg/ml.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Helminthosporole0
- Outcome
- activee0
- Qualifier
- from the concentration of 10μg/mle0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Helminthosporol, which is a metabolic product of Helminthosporium sativum, and its derivative, helminthosporic acid, were active from the concentration of 10μg/ml.”
Claim · model-written summary
Helminthosporic acid was active from 10μg/ml.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- helminthosporic acide0
- Outcome
- activee0
- Qualifier
- from the concentration of 10μg/mle0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Helminthosporol, which is a metabolic product of Helminthosporium sativum, and its derivative, helminthosporic acid, were active from the concentration of 10μg/ml.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice varieties varied in sensitivity to GA3, possibly depending on genotype and previous history.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- sensitivity is variablee0
- Qualifier
- may depend on their previous history as well as genotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ten varieties of rice were tested for their responses to GA3. Their sensitivity is variable and may depend on their previous history as well as genotype.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aged seeds with decreased germination were less sensitive to GA3 than fresh seeds.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Aged seedse0
- Outcome
- sensitive to GA3e0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- germination percentage decreasede0
- Comparator
- fresh onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“Aged seeds, whose germination percentage decreased, were less sensitive to GA3 than fresh ones (Table 2).”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosperms from developing seeds older than 18 days after flowering responded to GA3, whereas much more immature seeds did not.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- developing seedse0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- responded to GA3e0
- Qualifier
- more than 18 days after floweringe0
- Comparator
- much more immature seedse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“The isolated endosperms obtained from developing seeds of more than 18 days after flowering responded to GA3, but those from much more immature seeds did not (Fig. 3).”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 induced reducing sugar release in germinating rice endosperms.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- endosperms of germinating ricee0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- release of reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also in endosperms of germinating rice, GA3 was able to induce the release of reducing sugars (Fig. 4).”
Claim · model-written summary
The endosperm assay measures GA3 at 0.001 to 0.1μg/ml using Aichiasahi and Tanginbozu and is ten times more sensitive than the rice seedling test.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Aichiasahi and Tanginbozue0
- Outcome
- sensitivee0
- Value
- ten timese0
- Qualifier
- from 0.001 up to 0.1μg/mle0
- Comparator
- rice seedling teste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 can be bioassayed in the range from 0.001 up to 0.1μg/ml using varieties Aichiasahi and Tanginbozu (Fig. 5). This eneosperm method is ten times more sensitive than the rice seedling test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts from the listed plant, algal and yeast species and human urine contained substances active in the rice endosperm assay; chromatographic patterns did not always match the seedling assay.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- contain active substancese0
- Comparator
- rice seedling teste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped remaining assay results to meet the twenty-claim budget; source-specific assignments are not given.
Verbatim
e0“Extracts from the following plant species (Figs. 7-11) and human urine (Fig. 12) were examined for the presence of gibberellin-like substances: Pharbitis nil (immature seeds), Oryza sativa (shoots), Cryptomeria japonica (leaves), Equisetum arvense (sporophylls), Porphyra tenera, Chara coronata, and Saccharomyces sp. They were separated by paper chromatography and were found to contain active substances in terms of the release of reducing sugars from rice endosperms. However, the histogram pattern using the endosperm test was not always coincident with that using the rice seedling test.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice shoot extracts produced endosperm activity at zones 1 and 8, but seedling activity at zone 4 with tailing at zones 2 and 3; urine also gave different active zones between assays.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Value
- Nos. 1 and 8e0
- Qualifier
- No. 4 with tailing in Nos. 2 and 3e0
- Comparator
- seedling teste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Grouped assay differences to meet the twenty-claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“By means of the endosperm test the remarkable activity appeared at two zones of Nos. 1 and 8, but in the seedling test the activity was observed at the zone of No. 4 with tailing in Nos. 2 and 3.”
e1“With the endosperm test, an active zone appeared but by means of the seedling test weak active zones were obtained at different places on the histogram.”
t0“Rice Endosperm”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative compound activities differed between endosperm and seedling tests, indicating tissue differences in gibberellin responses.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- relative activitiese0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- seedlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Endosperm”
e0“The relative activities of these compounds to GA3 on the endosperm were different from those found for the seedling (Table 3).”
e1“These findings indicate that there are some differences in the response to gibberellins between the various tissues of the same species.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend seedling tests rather than endosperm tests for elongation questions, despite high endosperm sensitivity to GA3.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- seedling tests are more suitable methode0
- Qualifier
- elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice endosperm test is very sensitive to GA3, but when the problem is concenrned with elongation, seedling tests are more suitable method than endosperm tests.”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.