Abstract
One important regulator that coordinates response to environmental stress is the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which is synthesized from xanthophyll pigments. Despite the fact that there is strong evidence of increases in ABA concentrations under various environmental stresses, information concerning the effects of exogenous ABA applications on leaf pigments and fruit carotenoids in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) is lacking. This study investigated the impacts of root tissue ABA applications on tomato leaf and fruit pigmentation concentrations of ‘MicroTina’ and ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants. Tomato plants were treated with increasing concentrations of ABA in the nutrient solution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture for maximum leaf pigmentation and fruit carotenoids in two distinct genotypes of dwarf tomato. Because ABA is a product of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, we hypothesized that applications of ABA treatments would have a positive impact on leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids. Applications of ABA treatments may also have a positive impact on tomato fruit carotenoids. The results indicated that ‘MicroTina’ plants treated with ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 ) had a significant increase in β-carotene [BC ( P ≤ 0.001)], lutein [LUT ( P ≤ 0.001)], zeaxanthin [ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05)], and neoxanthin [NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)] in the leaf tissue. In ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants, carotenoids responded similarly. For example, there were significant increases in BC ( P ≤ 0.01), LUT ( P ≤ 0.001), ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05), and NEO ( P ≤ 0.001). In ‘MicroTina’ tomato leaves, there were significant increases in chlorophyll a [Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001)] and chlorophyll b [Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001)] concentrations. Furthermore, there were significant increases in Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001) and Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001) in ‘MicroGold’ leaf tissue. In ‘MicroTina’ tomato fruit tissue, the concentration increased significantly for lycopene [LYCO ( P ≤ 0.01)]. However, in ‘MicroGold’, there were no significant changes in BC and LUT concentrations. In addition, LYCO was found to be below detection limits in ‘MicroGold’ tomato fruit. Therefore, ABA has been shown to positively change tomato leaf pigments in both genotypes and fruit tissue carotenoid concentrations in ‘MicroTina’ tomato.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf beta-carotene in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume3 - Material
- MicroTinae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee1
- Treatment
- ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- β-carotenee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“‘MicroTina’ plants treated with ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 ) had a significant increase in β-carotene [BC ( P ≤ 0.001)], lutein [LUT ( P ≤ 0.001)], zeaxanthin [ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05)], and neoxanthin [NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)] in the leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf lutein in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroTinae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee1
- Treatment
- ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- luteine1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“‘MicroTina’ plants treated with ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 ) had a significant increase in β-carotene [BC ( P ≤ 0.001)], lutein [LUT ( P ≤ 0.001)], zeaxanthin [ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05)], and neoxanthin [NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)] in the leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf zeaxanthin in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroTinae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee1
- Treatment
- ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- zeaxanthine1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“‘MicroTina’ plants treated with ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 ) had a significant increase in β-carotene [BC ( P ≤ 0.001)], lutein [LUT ( P ≤ 0.001)], zeaxanthin [ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05)], and neoxanthin [NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)] in the leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf neoxanthin in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroTinae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee1
- Treatment
- ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- neoxanthine1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“‘MicroTina’ plants treated with ABA (0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L −1 ) had a significant increase in β-carotene [BC ( P ≤ 0.001)], lutein [LUT ( P ≤ 0.001)], zeaxanthin [ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05)], and neoxanthin [NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)] in the leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf beta-carotene in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Material
- MicroGolde4
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- BCe4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants, carotenoids responded similarly. For example, there were significant increases in BC ( P ≤ 0.01), LUT ( P ≤ 0.001), ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05), and NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf lutein in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Material
- MicroGolde4
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- LUTe4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants, carotenoids responded similarly. For example, there were significant increases in BC ( P ≤ 0.01), LUT ( P ≤ 0.001), ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05), and NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf zeaxanthin in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Material
- MicroGolde4
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- ZEAe4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants, carotenoids responded similarly. For example, there were significant increases in BC ( P ≤ 0.01), LUT ( P ≤ 0.001), ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05), and NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf neoxanthin in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Material
- MicroGolde4
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- NEOe4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In ‘MicroGold’ tomato plants, carotenoids responded similarly. For example, there were significant increases in BC ( P ≤ 0.01), LUT ( P ≤ 0.001), ZEA ( P ≤ 0.05), and NEO ( P ≤ 0.001)”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll a in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Material
- MicroTinae5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In ‘MicroTina’ tomato leaves, there were significant increases in chlorophyll a [Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001)] and chlorophyll b [Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001)] concentrations”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll b in MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Material
- MicroTinae5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In ‘MicroTina’ tomato leaves, there were significant increases in chlorophyll a [Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001)] and chlorophyll b [Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001)] concentrations”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll a in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroGolde6
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee6
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- Chl ae6
- Direction
- increasese6
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Furthermore, there were significant increases in Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001) and Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001) in ‘MicroGold’ leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll b in MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroGolde6
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee6
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- Chl be6
- Direction
- increasese6
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Furthermore, there were significant increases in Chl a ( P ≤ 0.001) and Chl b ( P ≤ 0.001) in ‘MicroGold’ leaf tissue”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment significantly increased lycopene in fruit tissue of MicroTina tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- MicroTinae7
- Organ / stage
- fruit tissuee7
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- lycopenee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In ‘MicroTina’ tomato fruit tissue, the concentration increased significantly for lycopene [LYCO ( P ≤ 0.01)]”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment produced no significant change in fruit beta-carotene or lutein of MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Material
- MicroGolde0
- Treatment
- ABAe2
- Outcome
- BC and LUT concentrationse0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
- Setting
- solution culturee2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in ‘MicroGold’, there were no significant changes in BC and LUT concentrations”
e2“dose–response effects of ABA treatment in solution culture”
e3“in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Lycopene was below detection limits in fruit of MicroGold tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- MicroGolde1
- Organ / stage
- fruite1
- Outcome
- LYCOe1
- Qualifier
- below detection limitse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In addition, LYCO was found to be below detection limits in ‘MicroGold’ tomato fruit”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.