Abstract
Technical grade prohexadione-calcium (93.2% a.i. P-Ca) applied to `Fuji'/M.9 trees in three applications in deionized water reduced shoot growth by 25%, but the addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to P-Ca suppressed shoot growth by 47%. If P-Ca was mixed in well water (high in calcium salts), P-Ca did not suppress shoot growth at all. The commercially formulated prohexadione-calcium [Apogee: 27.5% P-Ca + 56.1% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 16.4% other proprietary additives] + Regulaid in well water (high calcium) was not as effective (reduced growth by 30%) as when additional (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added (reduced growth by 53%), and if CaCl 2 (used to control corking) was tank mixed with Apogee + Regulaid, the Ca ++ interfered with the growth suppression of P-Ca. If (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added at the same rate as CaCl 2 (w/w), the Apogee growth suppression was completely restored (reduced growth by 50%). Choice (a commercial water conditioner that has (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in the formulation, among other ingredients) + Li-700, or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Silwet L-77, or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Silwet L-77 + Oil were among the most effective adjuvant combinations with Apogee. The addition of ethephon at 270 mg·L -1 improved the growth suppression of Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid. Solubor compromised the effectiveness of Apogee + Regulaid. Adjusting the pH of the Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid spray to either pH = 4 or pH = 9 did not affect efficacy. The combination of Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid caused increased fruit cracking of `Empire' fruit as compared to the control (7%), presumably due to increased absorption of P-Ca. Chemical names used: Prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca, 3-oxido-4-propionyl-5-oxo-3cyclohexenecarboxylate) formulated as BAS-125 (10% P-Ca); Apogee (27.5% P-Ca), or Technical 93.5% P-Ca); Regulaid (polyoxyethylenepolypropoxy-propanol, alkyl 2-ethoxethanol, and dihydroxy propane); Silwet L-77 (polyalkyleneoxide modified heptametyltrisiloxane, silicon surfactant), LI-700 (80%, phosphatidylcholine, methylacetic acid and alkyl polyoxyethylene ether); Superior Oil (Drexel Damoil 70-second delayed dormant spray oil); ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid); Solubor (20.5%, Boron equivalent); captan ( N -Trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohenene-1,2-dicarboximide).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
P-Ca in deionized water reduced Fuji shoot growth by 25%.
- Taxon
- Apple Tree
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- `Fuji'/M.9e0
- Treatment
- prohexadione-calciume0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Technical grade prohexadione-calcium (93.2% a.i. P-Ca) applied to `Fuji'/M.9 trees in three applications in deionized water reduced shoot growth by 25%”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding ammonium sulfate to P-Ca suppressed shoot growth by 47%.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to P-Cae0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to P-Ca suppressed shoot growth by 47%”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
P-Ca in well water did not suppress shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- P-Ca was mixed in well watere0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- did not suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If P-Ca was mixed in well water (high in calcium salts), P-Ca did not suppress shoot growth at all.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Apogee plus Regulaid in well water reduced growth by 30%.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Apogee: 27.5% P-Ca + 56.1% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 16.4% other proprietary additives] + Regulaide0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apogee: 27.5% P-Ca + 56.1% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 16.4% other proprietary additives] + Regulaid in well water (high calcium) was not as effective (reduced growth by 30%)”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional ammonium sulfate increased suppression to 53%.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- additional (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when additional (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added (reduced growth by 53%)”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 tank mixing interfered with P-Ca growth suppression.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- growth suppression of P-Cae0
- Direction
- interferede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if CaCl 2 (used to control corking) was tank mixed with Apogee + Regulaid, the Ca ++ interfered with the growth suppression of P-Ca.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Equal-rate ammonium sulfate restored Apogee suppression to 50% growth reduction.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added at the same rate as CaCl 2 (w/w)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added at the same rate as CaCl 2 (w/w), the Apogee growth suppression was completely restored (reduced growth by 50%).”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Choice with Li-700 was among the most effective Apogee adjuvant combinations.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- most effective adjuvant combinations with Apogeee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Choice (a commercial water conditioner that has (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in the formulation, among other ingredients) + Li-700, or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Silwet L-77, or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Silwet L-77 + Oil were among the most effective adjuvant combinations with Apogee.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon improved growth suppression by Apogee formulation.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ethephon at 270 mg·L -1e0
- Outcome
- growth suppressione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of ethephon at 270 mg·L -1 improved the growth suppression of Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Solubor compromised Apogee plus Regulaid effectiveness.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Solubore0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of Apogee + Regulaide0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solubor compromised the effectiveness of Apogee + Regulaid.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Changing spray pH to 4 or 9 did not alter efficacy.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pH = 4 or pH = 9e0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adjusting the pH of the Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid spray to either pH = 4 or pH = 9 did not affect efficacy.”
t0“Apple Tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Apogee with ammonium sulfate and Regulaid increased Empire fruit cracking.
- Taxon
- Apple TreeMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Empire'e0
- Treatment
- Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaide0
- Outcome
- fruit crackinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of Apogee + (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Regulaid caused increased fruit cracking of `Empire' fruit as compared to the control (7%)”
t0“Apple Tree”
The same questions in other papers
prohexadione-calcium · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →calcium dichloride · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
calcium dichloride · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
ph · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.