Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot caused by species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex are the most economically devastating fungal diseases of apples in North Carolina. Crop losses have reached 100% in highly susceptible cultivars. In the southeastern United States, management of this disease has predominantly relied on broad-spectrum fungicide programs targeting several summer diseases of apples. To improve control of GLS and bitter rot, field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of multi- and single-site fungicides were conducted over multiple years in a ‘Gala’ research orchard in Mills River, NC, from 2017 to 2019. Fungicides representing different modes of action were applied in a nonrotational program from petal fall until the immediate preharvest period to assess their efficacy in reducing GLS incidence, shoot defoliation caused by GLS, and pre- and postharvest bitter rot. Of the fungicides evaluated, Captan 80WDG (active ingredient [a.i.] captan), Merivon (a.i. fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin), Cabrio (a.i. pyraclostrobin), and Aprovia (a.i. benzovindiflupyr) provided good to excellent control against disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilum. In these programs, the incidence of GLS, expressed as the relative area under the disease progress curve, ranged from 4.6 to 43.8 in the Captan 80WDG (2019) and the Aprovia (2017) programs, respectively. The incidence of bitter rot at harvest in these programs from 2017 to 2019 ranged from 0.0 to 45.3% in the 2018 and 2017 Captan 80WDG programs, respectively. Conversely, the highest incidences of GLS and preharvest bitter rot were consistently observed in the Inspire (a.i. difenoconazole), Sercadis (a.i. fluxapyroxad), and untreated programs. Shoot defoliation owing to GLS followed a similar trend across the evaluated fungicide programs. In addition to nonrotational fungicide programs, the effect of carrier water pH for applications of captan was evaluated for bitter rot control in Virginia and North Carolina. No differences in captan efficacy were observed at either location. The results of this study will inform the development of new management programs for GLS and bitter rot in the southeastern United States and provide a foundation for the development of new season-long fungicide programs for apple disease management.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Captan 80WDG gave good to excellent disease control.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Captan 80WDGe0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum chrysophilumColletotrichum chrysophilume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilume0
- Direction
- good to excellent controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Captan 80WDG (active ingredient [a.i.] captan), Merivon (a.i. fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin), Cabrio (a.i. pyraclostrobin), and Aprovia (a.i. benzovindiflupyr) provided good to excellent control against disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilum”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Merivon gave good to excellent disease control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Merivone0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum chrysophilumColletotrichum chrysophilume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilume0
- Direction
- good to excellent controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Merivon (a.i. fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin), Cabrio (a.i. pyraclostrobin), and Aprovia (a.i. benzovindiflupyr) provided good to excellent control against disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilum”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabrio gave good to excellent disease control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Cabrioe0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum chrysophilumColletotrichum chrysophilume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilume0
- Direction
- good to excellent controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cabrio (a.i. pyraclostrobin), and Aprovia (a.i. benzovindiflupyr) provided good to excellent control against disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilum”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Aprovia gave good to excellent disease control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Aproviae0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum chrysophilumColletotrichum chrysophilume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilume0
- Direction
- good to excellent controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aprovia (a.i. benzovindiflupyr) provided good to excellent control against disease caused by Colletotrichum chrysophilum”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GLS incidence ranged from 4.6 in the 2019 Captan program to 43.8 in the 2017 Aprovia program.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Captan 80WDGe0
- Outcome
- incidence of GLSe0
- Value
- 4.6 to 43.8e0
- Qualifier
- Aprovia (2017) programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incidence of GLS, expressed as the relative area under the disease progress curve, ranged from 4.6 to 43.8 in the Captan 80WDG (2019) and the Aprovia (2017) programs, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter rot incidence at harvest ranged from 0.0 to 45.3% in Captan programs.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Captan 80WDGe0
- Outcome
- incidence of bitter rot at harveste0
- Value
- 0.0 to 45.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of bitter rot at harvest in these programs from 2017 to 2019 ranged from 0.0 to 45.3% in the 2018 and 2017 Captan 80WDG programs, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GLS and preharvest bitter rot incidence were highest with Inspire, Sercadis, and untreated programs.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- incidences of GLS and preharvest bitter rote0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- Inspire (a.i. difenoconazole), Sercadis (a.i. fluxapyroxad), and untreated programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest incidences of GLS and preharvest bitter rot were consistently observed in the Inspire (a.i. difenoconazole), Sercadis (a.i. fluxapyroxad), and untreated programs”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GLS shoot defoliation followed the same pattern across fungicide programs.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Shoot defoliation owing to GLSe0
- Qualifier
- similar trend across the evaluated fungicide programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot defoliation owing to GLS followed a similar trend across the evaluated fungicide programs”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrier water pH did not change captan efficacy at either location.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carrier water pHe0
- Outcome
- captan efficacye0
- Direction
- No differencese0
- Setting
- Virginia and North Carolinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of carrier water pH for applications of captan was evaluated for bitter rot control in Virginia and North Carolina. No differences in captan efficacy were observed at either location”
t0“Apple”
The same questions in other papers
ph · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.