Abstract
Anthocyanins are plant bioactive compounds that control color of many vegetables, flowers, fruit, roots and other plant parts. In peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], color is a key determinant for fruit quality and depends by flovonoids including anthocyanins. These bioactive molecules have potential benefits to human health including protection against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation and other chronic diseases. The R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) control the expression of genes for the synthesis of anthocyanin pigments with the help of co-activators belonging to the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40 repeat family. In the peach genome, through this study three MYB10-like (MYB10.1, MYB10.2 and MYB10.3) and three bHLH-like (bHLH3, bHLH33 and GL3) TFs were identified as best candidates to be the regulators of the anthocyanin accumulation in peach. Among these MYB10s, MYB10.1 is the highly expressed gene in ripe peach fruits. The accumulation of anthocyanins in yellow flesh peach fruits is highest in the peel, abundant in the part of the mesocarp surrounding the stone and lowest in the mesocarp. The expression of MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 genes were correlated with anthocyanin levels of different peach parts. They have also positive correlation with the key structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway, like chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone-3?-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). Functions of peach MYB10s were tested in tobacco and shown to activate key genes in the anthocyanin pathway when bHLHs were co-expressed as partners. Over-expression of MYB10.1/bHLH3 and MYB10.3/bHLH3 activated anthocyanin production by up-regulating NtCHS, NtDFR and NtUFGT while other combinations were not effective. To better understand the role of MYB10.1 in anthocyanin synthesis during peach ripening, its coding sequence has been constitutively expressed in tobacco transgenic plants. Its over-expression induce anthocyanin pigmentation in the reproductive parts of transgenic tobacco lines through the up-regulation of transcript levels of many important genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway like phenylalanineammonia-lyase (NtPAL), NtCHS, chalcone isomerase (NtCHI), NtF3H, NtDFR, anthocyanin synthase (NtANS) and NtUFGT. The pigment accumulation was always limited to reproductive parts and never present in the vegetative part like stem and leaves. Besides the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, the ectopic expression of MYB10.1 leads to two different types of phenotype in transgenic as compared to WT tobacco. The strong phenotype, called type-I, is characterized by irregular leaf shape and size, reduced plant height, stamens with reduced filament length and non-dehiscing anthers, reduced pistil length, no nectary gland formation and reduced capsule development but pigmented reproductive parts including androecium, gynoecium and petals. On the contrary, so-called type-II plants, have a mild phenotype with regular plant growth and development, but purple seed coats. Surprisingly, the over-expression of MYB10.1 altered the floral development in transgenic tobacco lines. In type-I transgenic plants, the over-expression of peach MYB10.1 leads to down-regulation of NtMYB305, a gene similar, but not orthologous, to MYB10.1, which is required for floral development. Moreover, MYB10.1 up-regulates the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis (allene oxide synthase, NtAOS) and signaling (NtJAZd) pathway genes as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (NtACO), a key gene in ethylene synthesis. Furthermore, NECTARIN1 (NtNCE1) that is known to be involved in nectary gland formation, was repressed since its transcription is regulated by NtMYB305. On the contrary, type-II transgenic plants showed opposite results for NtMYB305, NtAOS, NtJAZd and NtNEC1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the over-expression of peach MYB10.1 in tobacco not only regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in the reproductive parts but also affects (directly and/or indirectly) other process like vegetative and reproductive development. These new findings will promote further investigation to elucidate more diverse role of R2R3-MYB TFs. Furthermore, they will promote more and better insights on the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and will aid fruit breeders to introduce new peach cultivars with higher antioxidant level as well as colored fruit.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three peach MYB10-like and three bHLH-like factors were identified as candidate regulators of anthocyanin accumulation.
- Taxon
- peach
Prunus persicae0 - Gene
- MYB10.1, MYB10.2 and MYB10.3e0
- Outcome
- best candidates to be the regulators of the anthocyanin accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the peach genome, through this study three MYB10-like (MYB10.1, MYB10.2 and MYB10.3) and three bHLH-like (bHLH3, bHLH33 and GL3) TFs were identified as best candidates to be the regulators of the anthocyanin accumulation in peach.”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB10.1 was the most highly expressed MYB10 in ripe peach fruit.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Organ / stage
- ripe peach fruitse0
- Gene
- MYB10.1e0
- Outcome
- highly expressed genee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among these MYB10s, MYB10.1 is the highly expressed gene in ripe peach fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
In yellow flesh peach, anthocyanins were highest in peel, abundant near the stone and lowest in mesocarp.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Organ / stage
- peele0
- Outcome
- accumulation of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- lowest in the mesocarpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of anthocyanins in yellow flesh peach fruits is highest in the peel, abundant in the part of the mesocarp surrounding the stone and lowest in the mesocarp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Peach MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 expression correlated with anthocyanin levels in fruit parts.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Organ / stage
- different peach partse0
- Gene
- MYB10.1 and MYB10.3e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin levelse0
- Direction
- correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 genes were correlated with anthocyanin levels of different peach parts.”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 expression correlated positively with structural anthocyanin pathway genes.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat0
- Gene
- chalcone synthase (CHS)e0
- Outcome
- key structural genes of the anthocyanin pathwaye0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
- Qualifier
- MYB10.1 and MYB10.3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They have also positive correlation with the key structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway, like chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone-3?-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT).”
e1“The expression of MYB10.1 and MYB10.3 genes were correlated with anthocyanin levels of different peach parts.”
t0“PEACH”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-expressed bHLHs enabled peach MYB10s to activate anthocyanin pathway genes in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- bHLHs were co-expressede0
- Gene
- peach MYB10se0
- Outcome
- key genes in the anthocyanin pathwaye0
- Direction
- activatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functions of peach MYB10s were tested in tobacco and shown to activate key genes in the anthocyanin pathway when bHLHs were co-expressed as partners.”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB10.1/bHLH3 and MYB10.3/bHLH3 increased anthocyanin production via NtCHS, NtDFR and NtUFGT upregulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Over-expression of MYB10.1/bHLH3 and MYB10.3/bHLH3e0
- Gene
- NtCHS, NtDFR and NtUFGTe0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin productione0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Comparator
- other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-expression of MYB10.1/bHLH3 and MYB10.3/bHLH3 activated anthocyanin production by up-regulating NtCHS, NtDFR and NtUFGT while other combinations were not effective.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Peach MYB10.1 overexpression caused anthocyanin pigmentation in tobacco reproductive parts through upregulation of biosynthetic genes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive partse0
- Treatment
- over-expressione0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin pigmentatione0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Its over-expression induce anthocyanin pigmentation in the reproductive parts of transgenic tobacco lines through the up-regulation of transcript levels of many important genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway like phenylalanineammonia-lyase (NtPAL), NtCHS, chalcone isomerase (NtCHI), NtF3H, NtDFR, anthocyanin synthase (NtANS) and NtUFGT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigment accumulation in the tobacco transgenics was limited to reproductive parts.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Organ / stage
- reproductive partse0
- Outcome
- pigment accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- never present in the vegetative part like stem and leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pigment accumulation was always limited to reproductive parts and never present in the vegetative part like stem and leaves.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Type I MYB10.1 tobacco had irregular leaves, reduced height, altered stamens and pistils, missing nectaries and reduced capsules.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Material
- type-Ie0
- Outcome
- irregular leaf shape and size, reduced plant heighte0
- Qualifier
- reduced capsule developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strong phenotype, called type-I, is characterized by irregular leaf shape and size, reduced plant height, stamens with reduced filament length and non-dehiscing anthers, reduced pistil length, no nectary gland formation and reduced capsule development but pigmented reproductive parts including androecium, gynoecium and petals.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Type II MYB10.1 tobacco had regular development and purple seed coats.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Material
- type-IIe0
- Outcome
- regular plant growth and development, but purple seed coatse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“so-called type-II plants, have a mild phenotype with regular plant growth and development, but purple seed coats.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB10.1 overexpression downregulated NtMYB305 in type I tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Material
- type-Ie0
- Treatment
- over-expression of peach MYB10.1e0
- Gene
- NtMYB305e0
- Outcome
- NtMYB305e0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In type-I transgenic plants, the over-expression of peach MYB10.1 leads to down-regulation of NtMYB305, a gene similar, but not orthologous, to MYB10.1, which is required for floral development.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MYB10.1 upregulated NtAOS, NtJAZd and NtACO in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- MYB10.1e0
- Gene
- NtAOSe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MYB10.1 up-regulates the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis (allene oxide synthase, NtAOS) and signaling (NtJAZd) pathway genes as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (NtACO), a key gene in ethylene synthesis.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NECTARIN1 was repressed in MYB10.1 tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Gene
- NECTARIN1 (NtNCE1)e0
- Outcome
- NECTARIN1 (NtNCE1)e0
- Direction
- repressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, NECTARIN1 (NtNCE1) that is known to be involved in nectary gland formation, was repressed since its transcription is regulated by NtMYB305.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Type II transgenics showed opposite expression results for NtMYB305, NtAOS, NtJAZd and NtNEC1.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Material
- type-IIe0
- Outcome
- opposite results for NtMYB305, NtAOS, NtJAZd and NtNEC1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the contrary, type-II transgenic plants showed opposite results for NtMYB305, NtAOS, NtJAZd and NtNEC1.”
e1“tobacco transgenic plants”
The same questions in other papers
overexpression · quality: phytochemicals · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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