Abstract
Experiments were conducted over several years to distinguish symptoms of sodium hypochlorite- or calcium hypochlorite-induced peel injury from other superficial maladies on ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica ), and to evaluate factors implicated in injury incidence and severity. ‘Royal Gala’ apples treated by dipping in freshly prepared aqueous sodium hypochlorite for 10 min showed moderate peel injury at the lowest treatment concentration of 150 mg·L −1 when treated immediately after harvest, whereas no injury was observed on fruit treated at even the highest concentration of 2400 mg·L −1 when fruit were kept at −1 °C for 3 months before treatment. At lower rates, rinsing fruit after treatment reduced injury on fruit dipped for 2 min, whereas after a 10-minute treatment, rinsing had no effect. Warm fruit (field heat) generally had a higher incidence of peel injury compared with fruit placed at −1 °C for 24 h before treatment. When ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were treated by dipping for 2 min in freshly prepared aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite at an equimolar hypochlorite ion concentration of 0.008 M (600 mg·L −1 sodium hypochlorite), treatment temperature had a greater influence on incidence of peel injury with sodium hypochlorite than with calcium hypochlorite. Analysis of nonpolar solvent-extractable epicuticular waxes indicated differences due to treatment among several extracted compounds. Microscopic examination of injured peel tissue indicated altered appearance of wax platelets.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Royal Gala apples dipped in 150 mg·L −1 sodium hypochlorite showed moderate peel injury when treated immediately after harvest
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Royal Galae1
- Treatment
- dipping in freshly prepared aqueous sodium hypochlorite for 10 mine1
- Outcome
- peel injurye1
- Value
- 150 mg·L −1e1
- Qualifier
- moderatee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e1“‘Royal Gala’ apples treated by dipping in freshly prepared aqueous sodium hypochlorite for 10 min showed moderate peel injury at the lowest treatment concentration of 150 mg·L −1 when treated immediately after harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
No peel injury was observed on fruit treated at 2400 mg·L −1 when kept at −1 °C for 3 months before treatment
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- injurye2
- Value
- 2400 mg·L −1e2
- Qualifier
- fruit were kept at −1 °C for 3 months before treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e2“no injury was observed on fruit treated at even the highest concentration of 2400 mg·L −1 when fruit were kept at −1 °C for 3 months before treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Rinsing after treatment reduced peel injury on fruit dipped for 2 min at lower rates
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- rinsing fruit after treatmente3
- Outcome
- injurye3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- fruit dipped for 2 mine3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e3“At lower rates, rinsing fruit after treatment reduced injury on fruit dipped for 2 min, whereas after a 10-minute treatment, rinsing had no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Rinsing had no effect on peel injury after a 10-minute dip treatment
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- rinsinge3
- Outcome
- injurye3
- Direction
- had no effecte3
- Qualifier
- after a 10-minute treatmente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e3“At lower rates, rinsing fruit after treatment reduced injury on fruit dipped for 2 min, whereas after a 10-minute treatment, rinsing had no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Warm fruit (field heat) had a higher incidence of peel injury than fruit held at −1 °C for 24 h before treatment
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Warm fruit (field heat)e4
- Outcome
- incidence of peel injurye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- fruit placed at −1 °C for 24 h before treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e4“Warm fruit (field heat) generally had a higher incidence of peel injury compared with fruit placed at −1 °C for 24 h before treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment temperature had a greater influence on peel injury incidence with sodium hypochlorite than with calcium hypochlorite on Golden Delicious apples
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse5
- Treatment
- treatment temperaturee6
- Compound
- sodium hypochloritee6
- Outcome
- incidence of peel injurye6
- Direction
- greater influencee6
- Comparator
- calcium hypochloritee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e5“When ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were treated by dipping for 2 min in freshly prepared aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite”
e6“treatment temperature had a greater influence on incidence of peel injury with sodium hypochlorite than with calcium hypochlorite”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypochlorite treatment produced differences among several extracted epicuticular wax compounds
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- treatmente7
- Outcome
- epicuticular waxese7
- Qualifier
- differences due to treatment among several extracted compoundse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e7“Analysis of nonpolar solvent-extractable epicuticular waxes indicated differences due to treatment among several extracted compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Injured peel tissue showed altered appearance of wax platelets under microscopy
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- injured peel tissuee7
- Outcome
- appearance of wax plateletse7
- Qualifier
- alterede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples ( Malus domestica )”
e7“Microscopic examination of injured peel tissue indicated altered appearance of wax platelets”
The same questions in other papers
heat · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.