Abstract
The influence of simulated rains of 0, 2, 6, and 10 mm levels on persistent toxicity of endosulfan and monocrotophos @ 0.07 and 0.04 per cent respectively, against the gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety ‘H-208’ was studied in the screen house. The simulated rains were done at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h intervals after the insecticidal spray with the knapsack sprayer fitted with adjustable nozzle. Ten, 1 to 2-day old larvae reared on artificial diet were released on treated gram twigs kept in specimen tubes and mortality was observed 24 h after the exposure. The persistent toxicity was determined 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after the spray. A trend of reduction in persistent toxicity (PT) with the increase in rain level was observed. The rains of different levels occurring at 0 h after the insecticidal spray drastically reduced the persistent toxicity as compared to other rain intervals. PT of monocrotophos was found to be higher than endosulfan at all the rain levels and at all the rain intervals and at the same time change in PT was gradual in monocrotophos compared to endosulfan. Increase in PT was observed in endosulfan and monocrotophos upto 12 and 8 h after the spray, respectively and thereafter it started decreasing.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent toxicity of the insecticides declined as rain level increased.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- rain levele1
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae0pest - Outcome
- persistent toxicity (PT)e1
- Direction
- reductione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e1“A trend of reduction in persistent toxicity (PT) with the increase in rain level was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Rains occurring 0 h after insecticide spraying reduced persistent toxicity more than rains at other intervals.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- rains of different levels occurring at 0 h after the insecticidal spraye2
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- persistent toxicitye2
- Direction
- drastically reducede2
- Comparator
- other rain intervalse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e2“The rains of different levels occurring at 0 h after the insecticidal spray drastically reduced the persistent toxicity as compared to other rain intervals”
Claim · model-written summary
Monocrotophos had higher persistent toxicity than endosulfan at all rain levels and rain intervals.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- monocrotophose3
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- PTe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- at all the rain levels and at all the rain intervalse3
- Comparator
- endosulfane3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e3“PT of monocrotophos was found to be higher than endosulfan at all the rain levels and at all the rain intervals”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent toxicity of endosulfan increased up to 12 h after spraying.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- endosulfane5
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- PTe5
- Direction
- Increasee5
- Qualifier
- upto 12 and 8 h after the spraye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e5“Increase in PT was observed in endosulfan and monocrotophos upto 12 and 8 h after the spray, respectively and thereafter it started decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent toxicity of monocrotophos increased up to 8 h after spraying.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- monocrotophose5
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- PTe5
- Direction
- Increasee5
- Qualifier
- upto 12 and 8 h after the spraye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e5“Increase in PT was observed in endosulfan and monocrotophos upto 12 and 8 h after the spray, respectively and thereafter it started decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent toxicity of endosulfan decreased after its peak.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- endosulfane5
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- PTe5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Qualifier
- upto 12 and 8 h after the spraye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e5“Increase in PT was observed in endosulfan and monocrotophos upto 12 and 8 h after the spray, respectively and thereafter it started decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent toxicity of monocrotophos decreased after its peak.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- monocrotophose5
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- PTe5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Qualifier
- upto 12 and 8 h after the spraye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e5“Increase in PT was observed in endosulfan and monocrotophos upto 12 and 8 h after the spray, respectively and thereafter it started decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
The change in persistent toxicity was more gradual for monocrotophos than for endosulfan.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- monocrotophose4
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- change in PTe4
- Direction
- graduale4
- Comparator
- endosulfane4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on the chickpea variety”
e4“change in PT was gradual in monocrotophos compared to endosulfan”
The same questions in other papers
monocrotophos · Helicoverpa armigera · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · Helicoverpa armigera · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
16 in the opposite direction
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- positive
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See all 17 papers →insecticide · Helicoverpa armigera · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.