Abstract
Core rot is a major postharvest disease of apple fruit that occurs worldwide and is caused by a complex of fungi. Despite the importance of the disease, little is known about its etiology in Greece. In this study, 325 fungal isolates obtained from fruit with core rot symptoms were identified to the species level using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. Fungal identification revealed that Alternaria alternata was the major disease agent (57.8% of the isolates), followed by Kalmusia variispora (27.8%), Botrytis cinerea (12%), and Fusarium spp. (3.3%). K. variispora is reported for the first time as an agent of core rot of apple and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation tests. In addition to disease etiology, field experiments were performed at two different orchards for 3 consecutive years (2017 to 2019). Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of several classes of fungicides and the timing of application for control of the disease. Greater efficacy was achieved when fungicides were applied at the petal fall stage (flowers fading BBCH 67), while the most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the optimization of disease management and reduce the yield losses caused by core rot pathogens in Greece.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria alternata accounted for 57.8% of apple core rot isolates.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Outcome
- major disease agente0
- Value
- 57.8%e0
- Setting
- Greecet0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Alternaria alternata was the major disease agent (57.8% of the isolates)”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents in Greece”
Claim · model-written summary
Kalmusia variispora accounted for 27.8% of apple core rot isolates.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Kalmusia variisporaKalmusia variisporae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Kalmusia variisporae0
- Value
- 27.8%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kalmusia variispora (27.8%)”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents in Greece”
Claim · model-written summary
Botrytis cinerea accounted for 12% of apple core rot isolates.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- Botrytis cinereae0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Botrytis cinerea (12%)”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents in Greece”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium spp. accounted for 3.3% of apple core rot isolates.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Fusarium spp.e0
- Value
- 3.3%e0
FusariumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp. (3.3%)”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents in Greece”
Claim · model-written summary
Kalmusia variispora was first reported as an apple core rot agent and its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- K. variisporaKalmusia variisporae0pathogen
- Outcome
- agent of core rot of applee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K. variispora is reported for the first time as an agent of core rot of apple and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation tests”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides applied at petal fall achieved greater control efficacy.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- petal fall stagee0
- Treatment
- fungicides were applied at the petal fall stagee0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- Greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater efficacy was achieved when fungicides were applied at the petal fall stage (flowers fading BBCH 67)”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluxapyroxad was among the most effective fungicides against apple core rot.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fluxapyroxade0
- Outcome
- most effective fungicidese0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluopyram was among the most effective fungicides against apple core rot.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fluopyrame0
- Outcome
- most effective fungicidese0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents”
Claim · model-written summary
Adepidyn was among the most effective fungicides against apple core rot.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- adepidyne0
- Outcome
- most effective fungicidese0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents”
Claim · model-written summary
Penthiopyrad was among the most effective fungicides against apple core rot.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- penthiopyrade0
- Outcome
- most effective fungicidese0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most effective fungicides were the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn, and penthiopyrad”
t0“Apple Fruit Core Rot Agents”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.