Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco is a major cash crop in China. Due to the scarcity of land resources, continuous cropping of tobacco was very common all over the country. However, the continuous cropping phenomenon would lead to change of soil properties and nutrient imbalance, seriously affecting yield and economic merits of tobacco. Therefore, it was quite necessary to optimize the soil microbial environment and promote the effective absorption and utilization of fertilizers, to improve the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. It has been reported that soil amendments could improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, as well as the nutrient status, which could also regulate pH and organic matter of soil to increase the availability of N, P and K contents. In a word, soil amendments were effective to promote the productivity of degraded soils. Microbial fertilizer could improve the micro-environment of plant rhizosphere, by increasing the diversity of microbial species and improving growth and nutrient absorption capacity of root.There have been many reports about the effect of microbial fertilizer or soil amendment application on growth and development of crops, but the mixed application effect of microbial fertilizer and soil amendments was rarely mentioned. In this study, the combining effects of effective microorganisms (EM) and soil amendments on agronomic characteristic and quality of flue-cured tobacco were investigated.A field trial designed as randomized block was carried out to reveal the effects of EM and soil amendment treatments (T1: conventional film transplanting; T2: conventional film transplanting + EM + soil amendments; T3: well cellar type transplanting; T4: well cellar type transplanting + EM + soil amendments) on leaves, root and stem development of flue-cured tobacco during the growth period. Meanwhile, the effects of different treatments on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were discussed.The results showed that the mixed application of EM and soil amendments promoted the growth of tobacco plant, especially at the maturity stage. Simultaneously, the mixed application of EM and soil amendments also improved the yield and quality of tobacco leaves, and optimized the grade of tobacco leaves. The yields of T2 and T4 treatments were 1 909.31 kg/hm2 and 2 134.91 kg/hm2, which were higher than those of T1 and T3 by 5.21% and 7.13%, respectively. The output values of T2 and T4 were 29 460.69 Chinese Yuan/hm2 and 35 162.05 Chinese Yuan/hm2, higher than those of corresponding controls (T1 and T3) by 3.84% and 8.72%, respectively. For chemical composition, the mixed application of EM and soil amendments increased the contents of nicotine, potassium and chlorine, but decreased the content of total sugar in flue-cured tobacco leaves. Furthermore, the mixed application of EM and soil amendments reduced the Schmuck value and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine, increased the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar. The treatments with EM and soil amendments enhanced the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves, and the total scores of T2 and T4 increased 2.30 and 2.67, respectively, compared with the corresponding controls (T1 and T3) .In a word, the mixed application of EM and soil amendments shows practical value not only in improving the grade of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, but also improving their yields and quality.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined EM and soil amendments promoted tobacco growth, especially at maturity.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Organ / stage
- maturity stagee0
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- growth of tobacco plante0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments promoted the growth of tobacco plant, especially at the maturity stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application improved tobacco leaf quality and grade.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- quality of tobacco leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments also improved the yield and quality of tobacco leaves, and optimized the grade of tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application optimized tobacco leaf grade.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- grade of tobacco leavese0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments also improved the yield and quality of tobacco leaves, and optimized the grade of tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 yield exceeded T1 by 5.21%, reaching 1 909.31 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1 909.31 kg/hm2e0
- Qualifier
- 5.21%e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yields of T2 and T4 treatments were 1 909.31 kg/hm2 and 2 134.91 kg/hm2, which were higher than those of T1 and T3 by 5.21% and 7.13%, respectively.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 yield exceeded T3 by 7.13%, reaching 2 134.91 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2 134.91 kg/hm2e0
- Qualifier
- 7.13%e0
- Comparator
- T3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yields of T2 and T4 treatments were 1 909.31 kg/hm2 and 2 134.91 kg/hm2, which were higher than those of T1 and T3 by 5.21% and 7.13%, respectively.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 output value exceeded T1 by 3.84%, reaching 29 460.69 Chinese Yuan/hm2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- output valuese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29 460.69 Chinese Yuan/hm2e0
- Qualifier
- 3.84%e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The output values of T2 and T4 were 29 460.69 Chinese Yuan/hm2 and 35 162.05 Chinese Yuan/hm2, higher than those of corresponding controls (T1 and T3) by 3.84% and 8.72%, respectively.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 output value exceeded T3 by 8.72%, reaching 35 162.05 Chinese Yuan/hm2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- output valuese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35 162.05 Chinese Yuan/hm2e0
- Qualifier
- 8.72%e0
- Comparator
- T3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The output values of T2 and T4 were 29 460.69 Chinese Yuan/hm2 and 35 162.05 Chinese Yuan/hm2, higher than those of corresponding controls (T1 and T3) by 3.84% and 8.72%, respectively.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application increased nicotine, potassium and chlorine contents in leaves.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- contents of nicotine, potassium and chlorinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments increased the contents of nicotine, potassium and chlorine, but decreased the content of total sugar in flue-cured tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application decreased total sugar content in leaves.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- content of total sugare0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments increased the contents of nicotine, potassium and chlorine, but decreased the content of total sugar in flue-cured tobacco leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application reduced Schmuck value and the total sugar to nicotine ratio.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- Schmuck value and the ratio of total sugar to nicotinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments reduced the Schmuck value and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine, increased the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application increased the reducing sugar to total sugar ratio.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- mixed application of EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- ratio of reducing sugar to total sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixed application of EM and soil amendments reduced the Schmuck value and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine, increased the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar.”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application enhanced tobacco leaf sensory quality.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- treatments with EM and soil amendmentse0
- Outcome
- sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments with EM and soil amendments enhanced the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 sensory score rose by 2.30 versus T1.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- total scorese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.30e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total scores of T2 and T4 increased 2.30 and 2.67, respectively, compared with the corresponding controls (T1 and T3)”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 sensory score rose by 2.67 versus T3.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- total scorese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.67e0
- Comparator
- T3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total scores of T2 and T4 increased 2.30 and 2.67, respectively, compared with the corresponding controls (T1 and T3)”
e1“quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves”
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