Abstract
We evaluated the toxicity of three insecticides (lambda cyhalothrin, spinosad, and S-1812) to the natural enemies Bracon mellitor Say, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Geocoris punctipes (Say), and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, in topical, residual, and field assays. Lambda cyhalothrin exhibited the greatest toxicity to the natural enemies. In topical toxicity tests, lambda cyhalothrin adversely affected each natural enemy species studied. Residues of lambda cyhalothrin on cotton leaves were toxic to B. mellitor, C. nigriceps, C. maculata, and C. punctipes. Interestingly, residues of this insecticide were not very toxic to C. marginiventris and H. convergens. Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata numbers in the field generally were significantly lower for lambda cyhalothrin treatments than for the other four treatments, substantiating the previous tests. Although cotton aphids began to increase over all treatments around the middle of the test period, the number of cotton aphids in the lambda cyhalothrin plots was significantly higher than the number in any of the other treatments. As cotton aphids increased in lambda cyhalothrin field plots, the predator H. convergens also increased in number, indicating that lambda cyhalothrin did not adversely affect it in accordance with the residual tests. Spinosad exhibited marginal to excellent selectivity, but was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical toxicity tests and to B. mellitor in residual tests. Spinosad generally did not affect the number of G. punctipes, H. convergens, and C. maculata in the field except for one day after the second application for G. punctipes. S-1812 exhibited good to excellent selectivity to the natural enemies. Some reduction of G. punctipes occurred for only a short period after the first and second application of this insecticide in the field. H. convergens and C. maculata were affected very little by S-1812.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda cyhalothrin had the greatest toxicity to the natural enemies.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Lambda cyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- greatest toxicitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- the natural enemiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lambda cyhalothrin exhibited the greatest toxicity to the natural enemies.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
In topical tests, lambda cyhalothrin adversely affected every natural enemy species studied.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lambda cyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- each natural enemy species studiede0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In topical toxicity tests, lambda cyhalothrin adversely affected each natural enemy species studied.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda cyhalothrin residues on cotton leaves were toxic to four natural enemies.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Residues of lambda cyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- toxic to B. mellitor, C. nigriceps, C. maculata, and C. punctipese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues of lambda cyhalothrin on cotton leaves were toxic to B. mellitor, C. nigriceps, C. maculata, and C. punctipes.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambda cyhalothrin residues were not very toxic to two other natural enemies.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- this insecticidee0
- Outcome
- not very toxic to C. marginiventris and H. convergense0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residues of this insecticide were not very toxic to C. marginiventris and H. convergens.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Field numbers of Geocoris punctipes were significantly lower with lambda cyhalothrin than with other treatments.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- lambda cyhalothrin treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata
Coleomegilla maculata
Geocoris punctipese0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata numberse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- the other four treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata numbers in the field generally were significantly lower for lambda cyhalothrin treatments than for the other four treatments”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton aphid numbers were significantly higher in lambda cyhalothrin plots than in other treatments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- lambda cyhalothrine0
- Interactor
- cotton aphids
Aphis gossypiie0pest - Outcome
- number of cotton aphidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- any of the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of cotton aphids in the lambda cyhalothrin plots was significantly higher than the number in any of the other treatments.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
H. convergens increased as cotton aphids increased in lambda cyhalothrin plots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- lambda cyhalothrine0
- Interactor
- H. convergens
.jpg?width=60)
Hippodamia convergense0biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- cotton aphidsAphis gossypiie0pest
- Outcome
- H. convergens also increased in numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“As cotton aphids increased in lambda cyhalothrin field plots, the predator H. convergens also increased in number”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical tests.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade0
- Outcome
- highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad exhibited marginal to excellent selectivity, but was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical toxicity tests”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad was highly toxic to B. mellitor in residual tests.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade0
- Outcome
- B. mellitore0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad exhibited marginal to excellent selectivity, but was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical toxicity tests and to B. mellitor in residual tests.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad generally did not affect three predator populations in the field, apart from one day for G. punctipes.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade0
- Outcome
- number of G. punctipes, H. convergens, and C. maculatae0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- except for one day after the second application for G. punctipese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad generally did not affect the number of G. punctipes, H. convergens, and C. maculata in the field except for one day after the second application for G. punctipes.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
S-1812 had good to excellent selectivity toward natural enemies.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- S-1812e0
- Outcome
- good to excellent selectivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S-1812 exhibited good to excellent selectivity to the natural enemies.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
S-1812 briefly reduced G. punctipes after its first and second field applications.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- this insecticidee0
- Outcome
- G. punctipese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- only a short period after the first and second applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some reduction of G. punctipes occurred for only a short period after the first and second application of this insecticide in the field.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
S-1812 affected H. convergens and C. maculata very little.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- S-1812e0
- Outcome
- H. convergens and C. maculata were affected very littlee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. convergens and C. maculata were affected very little by S-1812.”
t0“Cotton”
The same questions in other papers
lambda-cyhalothrin · pest · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →spinosad · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
insecticide · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.