Abstract
There is growing interest in intensive dry season vegetable crop cultivation by peasant farmers in south eastern Nigeria, but little research information to guide them on appropriate soil and water management for restoring, replenishing, conserving and maintaining soil fertility for optimum profit on their fragile soils. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the dry seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 on the acidic coastal plain soils at Calabar, to evaluate various rates of poultry manure (PM) (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) and organic mulch (0, 2, 4 and 6 t/ha) for optimum yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and their combined effect on weed growth and soil chemical and physical properties. The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation. They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil. The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates. These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots. Poultry manure at 10 t/ha plus 4 t/ha organic mulch had the best effects on soil bulk density reduction and fresh pod yield of okra.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure and mulch reduced soil bulk density
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure and mulch increased soil moisture retention capacity
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil moisture retention capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure and mulch lowered weed infestation
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione0
- Outcome
- weed infestatione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments raised soil pH
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione1
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments raised organic matter content
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione1
- Outcome
- organic matter contente0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments raised total N
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione1
- Outcome
- total Ne0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments raised available P
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione1
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments raised exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PM and mulch applicatione1
- Outcome
- exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soile0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The PM and mulch application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil moisture retention capacity and lowered weed infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra growth and fresh pod yield peaked at 10 t/ha manure and 4 t/ha mulch
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulche0
- Outcome
- growth and fresh pod yielde0
- Direction
- peakede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates.”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased fresh pod weight by 94 relative to unamended plots
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 10 t/ha PMe1
- Outcome
- fresh pod weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94e0
- Comparator
- unamended control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased fresh pod weight by 57% relative to unamended plots
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 4 t/ha mulche1
- Outcome
- fresh pod weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- unamended control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased mean fresh pod yield by 160 relative to unamended plots
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 10 t/ha PMe1
- Outcome
- mean fresh pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 160e0
- Comparator
- unamended control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendment increased mean fresh pod yield by 115% relative to unamended plots
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 4 t/ha mulche1
- Outcome
- mean fresh pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 115%e0
- Comparator
- unamended control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These rates increased fresh pod weight by 94 and 57% and mean fresh pod yield by 160 and 115%, respectively, compared with the unamended control plots.”
t0“Okra”
e1“The growth and fresh pod yield of okra peaked at 10 t/ha PM and 4 t/ha mulch rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and mulch gave the best soil bulk density reduction and okra pod yield
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Poultry manure at 10 t/ha plus 4 t/ha organic mulche0
- Outcome
- soil bulk density reduction and fresh pod yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry manure at 10 t/ha plus 4 t/ha organic mulch had the best effects on soil bulk density reduction and fresh pod yield of okra.”
t0“Okra”
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354 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 373 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.