Abstract
Abstract The tolerance of wheat and barley to 2, 4-D sprayed at six stages of growth, ranging from the 3-leaf stage up to the ripe grain stage, was studied. Five concentrations ranging from 500 to 8000 ppm (a.e.) of 2, 4-D were tested. All the concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stage were phytotoxic to wheat and barley, whereas at the 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stages, only 4000 and 8000 ppm were phytotoxic and caused lodging in the two crops. Reductions in plant height were significant at all concentrations used in the case of barley, and at 1000 ppm and above in the case of wheat. The 8000 ppm treatment, applied at the jointing and anthesis stages, caused significant reductions in the grain yield of wheat; in the case of barley, significant reductions in the grain yield were observed at concentrations ranging from 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, booting-to-heading, arid anthesis stages. At the 5-leaf stage, the 1000 ppm treatment gave a highly significant increase of 18.7% in the grain yield over the unweeded check. Significant reductions in the 1000-kernel weight and test weight of the two crops were observed only at the higher concentrations used. The protein percentages of wheat and barley seeds were significantly increased as a result of the application of 2, 4-D at 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, jointing, booting-to-heading, and anthesis stages of growth. However, significant reductions in the protein yield of the two crops were observed at these treatments. No significant effects were observed on the straw yield and germination percentages of wheat and barley as a result of 2, 4-D applications at the various stages of growth.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Every tested 2, 4-D concentration at the 3-leaf stage was phytotoxic to wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic to wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stage were phytotoxic to wheat and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Every tested 2, 4-D concentration at the 3-leaf stage was phytotoxic to barley.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic to wheat and barleye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All the concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stage were phytotoxic to wheat and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5-leaf, jointing and booting-to-heading, only 4000 and 8000 ppm caused phytotoxicity and lodging in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 4000 and 8000 ppme0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic and caused lodginge0
- Qualifier
- 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stagese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stages, only 4000 and 8000 ppm were phytotoxic and caused lodging in the two crops.”
t0“Wheat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5-leaf, jointing and booting-to-heading, only 4000 and 8000 ppm caused phytotoxicity and lodging in barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 4000 and 8000 ppme0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic and caused lodginge0
- Qualifier
- 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stagese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stages, only 4000 and 8000 ppm were phytotoxic and caused lodging in the two crops.”
t0“Wheat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested concentrations significantly reduced barley plant height.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- all concentrations usede0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in plant height were significant at all concentrations used in the case of barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of 1000 ppm and above significantly reduced wheat plant height.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 1000 ppm and abovee0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in plant height were significant at all concentrations used in the case of barley, and at 1000 ppm and above in the case of wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 8000 ppm treatment at jointing and anthesis significantly reduced wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 8000 ppm treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheate0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- jointing and anthesis stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 8000 ppm treatment, applied at the jointing and anthesis stages, caused significant reductions in the grain yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley grain yield fell significantly at 2000 to 8000 ppm applied at three specified growth stages.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- concentrations ranging from 2000 to 8000 ppme0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- 3-leaf, booting-to-heading, arid anthesis stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of barley, significant reductions in the grain yield were observed at concentrations ranging from 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, booting-to-heading, arid anthesis stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 5-leaf stage, 1000 ppm increased grain yield 18.7% versus the unweeded check.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1000 ppm treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 5-leaf stagee0
- Comparator
- unweeded checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 5-leaf stage, the 1000 ppm treatment gave a highly significant increase of 18.7% in the grain yield over the unweeded check.”
t0“Wheat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher 2, 4-D concentrations significantly reduced 1000-kernel weight and test weight in both crops.
- Taxon
- Wheat and BarleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher concentrations usede0
- Outcome
- 1000-kernel weight and test weighte0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions in the 1000-kernel weight and test weight of the two crops were observed only at the higher concentrations used.”
t0“Wheat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2000 to 8000 ppm at specified stages, 2, 4-D increased wheat and barley seed protein percentage.
- Taxon
- wheat and barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2, 4-D at 2000 to 8000 ppme0
- Outcome
- protein percentages of wheat and barley seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 3-leaf, jointing, booting-to-heading, and anthesis stages of growthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protein percentages of wheat and barley seeds were significantly increased as a result of the application of 2, 4-D at 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, jointing, booting-to-heading, and anthesis stages of growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same 2, 4-D treatments significantly reduced protein yield in both crops.
- Taxon
- Wheat and BarleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions in the protein yield of the two crops were observed at these treatments.”
t0“Wheat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
2, 4-D application had no significant effect on straw yield in wheat and barley.
- Taxon
- wheat and barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2, 4-D applicationse0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- No significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant effects were observed on the straw yield and germination percentages of wheat and barley as a result of 2, 4-D applications at the various stages of growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
2, 4-D application had no significant effect on germination percentages in wheat and barley.
- Taxon
- wheat and barleyHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2, 4-D applicationse0
- Outcome
- germination percentagese0
- Direction
- No significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant effects were observed on the straw yield and germination percentages of wheat and barley as a result of 2, 4-D applications at the various stages of growth.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.