Abstract
Root growth responses to separately placed of bands of N and P fertiliser were examined at the 3-leaf (GS13) and stem extension growth stages (GS30) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types from the rainfed (375–420 mm) grain production regions of south-eastern Australia. Intact cores of a Sodosol and a Vertosol were destructively sampled and changes in root length density (RLD) and root diameter distribution within the soil profile were examined using restricted maximum likelihood analysis and principal component analysis, respectively. At GS13, RLD increased in the Vertosol when only P was applied, although there was no shoot growth response. The root response to P consisted of a spatially generalised increase in RLD, rather than a specific increase in the vicinity of the P fertiliser band. There was a substantially greater, but still generalised, increase in RLD in the Vertosol when both N and P fertiliser were applied, although there was no response to N fertiliser (without P). The distribution of root length in diameter classes changed with depth in the profile at GS13 but was otherwise similar, regardless of soil types and fertiliser treatment. The root responses to fertiliser at GS30 also consisted of a generalised proliferation of RLD in the topsoil, with no detectable fertiliser-specific changes in the location or structure of the root system. Shoot and root growth increased to a similar level at GS30 when plants were supplied with N, irrespective of P, and root diameter distributions were again insensitive to fertiliser treatment. Plants responded to N by increasing the RLD of relatively fine roots (100–250 μm), which was a P style of acquisition strategy that was possibly triggered by moisture limitations. Consequently, the root responses to fertiliser under realistic semi-arid conditions did not follow expectations based on nutrient acquisition studies. Instead, wheat plants responded to N or P fertiliser with a generalised proliferation of fine roots, apparently to better compete for finite water and nutrients.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At GS13, root length density of wheat increased in the Vertosol when only P was applied, without a shoot growth response.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- GS13e1
- Treatment
- only P was appliede1
- Outcome
- RLDe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- although there was no shoot growth responsee1
- Setting
- Vertosole1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“At GS13, RLD increased in the Vertosol when only P was applied, although there was no shoot growth response”
Claim · model-written summary
The root response of wheat to P was a spatially generalised increase in root length density, not a specific increase near the P band.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe2
- Outcome
- RLDe2
- Direction
- generalised increasee2
- Comparator
- a specific increase in the vicinity of the P fertiliser bande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e2“The root response to P consisted of a spatially generalised increase in RLD, rather than a specific increase in the vicinity of the P fertiliser band”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density increased substantially more in the Vertosol when both N and P fertiliser were applied.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- both N and P fertiliser were appliede3
- Outcome
- RLDe3
- Direction
- substantially greatere3
- Setting
- Vertosole3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e3“There was a substantially greater, but still generalised, increase in RLD in the Vertosol when both N and P fertiliser were applied, although there was no response to N fertiliser (without P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat root length density showed no response to N fertiliser without P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N fertilisere3
- Outcome
- RLDe3
- Direction
- no responsee3
- Comparator
- without Pe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e3“There was a substantially greater, but still generalised, increase in RLD in the Vertosol when both N and P fertiliser were applied, although there was no response to N fertiliser (without P)”
Claim · model-written summary
The distribution of root length in diameter classes changed with depth in the profile at GS13.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- GS13e5
- Outcome
- distribution of root length in diameter classese5
- Direction
- changede5
- Qualifier
- with depth in the profilee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e5“The distribution of root length in diameter classes changed with depth in the profile at GS13 but was otherwise similar, regardless of soil types and fertiliser treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Apart from depth at GS13, the distribution of root length in diameter classes was similar regardless of soil type and fertiliser treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- distribution of root length in diameter classese5
- Direction
- similare5
- Qualifier
- regardless of soil types and fertiliser treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e5“The distribution of root length in diameter classes changed with depth in the profile at GS13 but was otherwise similar, regardless of soil types and fertiliser treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At GS30, fertiliser caused a generalised proliferation of root length density in the topsoil of wheat, with no detectable fertiliser-specific changes in root location or structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- topsoile7
- Treatment
- fertilisere7
- Outcome
- RLDe7
- Direction
- generalised proliferatione7
- Qualifier
- with no detectable fertiliser-specific changes in the location or structure of the root systeme7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e7“The root responses to fertiliser at GS30 also consisted of a generalised proliferation of RLD in the topsoil, with no detectable fertiliser-specific changes in the location or structure of the root system”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot and root growth of wheat increased to a similar level at GS30 when N was supplied, irrespective of P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- GS30e1
- Treatment
- supplied with Ne1
- Outcome
- Shoot and root growthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- to a similar levele1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“Shoot and root growth increased to a similar level at GS30 when plants were supplied with N, irrespective of P”
Claim · model-written summary
Root diameter distributions of wheat were insensitive to fertiliser treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- root diameter distributionse1
- Qualifier
- insensitive to fertiliser treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“root diameter distributions were again insensitive to fertiliser treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat responded to N by increasing root length density of relatively fine roots (100–250 μm).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse1
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- RLDe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 100–250 μme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“Plants responded to N by increasing the RLD of relatively fine roots (100–250 μm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The fine-root response of wheat to N may be a P-style acquisition strategy triggered by moisture limitation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- acquisition strategye1
- Qualifier
- moisture limitationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“which was a P style of acquisition strategy that was possibly triggered by moisture limitations”
Claim · model-written summary
Under realistic semi-arid conditions, root responses of wheat to fertiliser did not follow expectations from nutrient acquisition studies.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- root responses to fertilisere1
- Qualifier
- did not follow expectations based on nutrient acquisition studiese1
- Setting
- realistic semi-arid conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“Consequently, the root responses to fertiliser under realistic semi-arid conditions did not follow expectations based on nutrient acquisition studies”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat responded to N or P fertiliser with a generalised proliferation of fine roots, apparently to compete better for water and nutrients.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N or P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- proliferation of fine rootse1
- Qualifier
- to better compete for finite water and nutrientse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types”
e1“Instead, wheat plants responded to N or P fertiliser with a generalised proliferation of fine roots, apparently to better compete for finite water and nutrients”
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