Abstract
The effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on plant symptoms, yield, and components of yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd), P uptake, and the distribution of dry weight within plants of variable P status were examined in 2 glasshouse and 5 field experiments. Apart from stunted growth and depressed tillering, the symptoms of acute P deficiency, most noticeable on older leaf blades, were equivocal; they were not always observed on acutely deficient plants and were absent on moderately deficient plants. In glasshouse experiments, the leaves of acutely deficient plants were spindly, erect, and dark green, whereas in field experiments, the leaves were pale green. In acutely P-stressed plants, leaf senescence, phasic development, and anthesis were delayed. The disorder restricted tiller development and therefore the rate of appearance and the number of leaves per plant. It depressed grain yield principally by reducing the number of fertile tillers. Severe P deficiency depressed shoot growth within 15 days of sowing and ultimately reduced plant height, root mass, and grain yield. In all experiments, shoot yield responses to applied P increased progressively until stem elongation (Zadoks Scale 30) and changed little thereafter. As a result, the external requirement for P (i.e. P level required for 90% maximum growth) increased with time during vegetative development in most experiments. Severe P deficiency also affected the distribution of dry matter between the roots and shoots and between the leaf blades and conducting tissues (sheaths and stems). Both of these responses intensified with advancing plant age. Treatment differences in P uptake in shoots also occurred early in growth and persisted until grain maturity. The partitioning of P between roots and shoots favoured P uptake or retention in the roots of P-deficient plants. Under conditions of acute and moderate P stress, the resources of the wheat plant appear to be directed towards maintaining root growth (at least initially), limiting and delaying shoot proliferation, and maximising the leaf : stem ratio. These regulations appear circumstantially to be adaptive mechanisms for conserving suffiient P to ensure the survival of at least 1 weak, but fertile, tiller on each plant.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Acute P deficiency stunted wheat growth and depressed tillering.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- acute P deficiencye0
- Outcome
- stunted growth and depressed tilleringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apart from stunted growth and depressed tillering, the symptoms of acute P deficiency”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other acute P deficiency symptoms were inconsistent and absent under moderate deficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- absent on moderately deficient plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they were not always observed on acutely deficient plants and were absent on moderately deficient plants”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acutely deficient glasshouse leaves were spindly, erect, and dark green.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- spindly, erect, and dark greene0
- Setting
- glasshouse experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In glasshouse experiments, the leaves of acutely deficient plants were spindly, erect, and dark green”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acutely deficient field leaves were pale green.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- pale greene0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in field experiments, the leaves were pale green”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acute P stress delayed leaf senescence, phasic development, and anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- acutely P-stressede0
- Outcome
- leaf senescence, phasic development, and anthesise0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In acutely P-stressed plants, leaf senescence, phasic development, and anthesis were delayed”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
P deficiency restricted tiller development and leaf appearance and number.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- The disordere0
- Outcome
- tiller development and therefore the rate of appearance and the number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disorder restricted tiller development and therefore the rate of appearance and the number of leaves per plant”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
P deficiency depressed grain yield principally by reducing fertile tiller number.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- reducing the number of fertile tillerse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It depressed grain yield principally by reducing the number of fertile tillers”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe P deficiency depressed shoot growth within 15 days of sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Severe P deficiencye0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- within 15 days of sowinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe P deficiency depressed shoot growth within 15 days of sowing”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe P deficiency ultimately reduced plant height, root mass, and grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Severe P deficiencye0
- Outcome
- plant height, root mass, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe P deficiency depressed shoot growth within 15 days of sowing and ultimately reduced plant height, root mass, and grain yield”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot yield response to applied P increased until stem elongation then changed little.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- applied Pe0
- Outcome
- shoot yield responsese0
- Direction
- increased progressivelye0
- Qualifier
- until stem elongation (Zadoks Scale 30) and changed little thereaftere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot yield responses to applied P increased progressively until stem elongation (Zadoks Scale 30) and changed little thereafter”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
External P requirement increased during vegetative development in most experiments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- external requirement for Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in most experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the external requirement for P (i.e. P level required for 90% maximum growth) increased with time during vegetative development in most experiments”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe P deficiency changed allocation between roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Severe P deficiencye0
- Outcome
- distribution of dry matter between the roots and shootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe P deficiency also affected the distribution of dry matter between the roots and shoots and between the leaf blades and conducting tissues (sheaths and stems)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe P deficiency changed allocation between leaf blades and conducting tissues.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Severe P deficiencye0
- Outcome
- between the leaf blades and conducting tissues (sheaths and stems)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe P deficiency also affected the distribution of dry matter between the roots and shoots and between the leaf blades and conducting tissues (sheaths and stems)”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter allocation responses intensified with plant age.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- responsese0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of these responses intensified with advancing plant age”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
P uptake differences between treatments arose early and persisted to maturity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- P uptake in shootse0
- Qualifier
- early in growth and persisted until grain maturitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment differences in P uptake in shoots also occurred early in growth and persisted until grain maturity”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
P-deficient plants allocated proportionally more P to roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- P uptake or retention in the rootse0
- Direction
- favourede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The partitioning of P between roots and shoots favoured P uptake or retention in the roots of P-deficient plants”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that P stress directs resources to maintain root growth and limit shoot proliferation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- acute and moderate P stresse0
- Outcome
- maintaining root growth (at least initially), limiting and delaying shoot proliferation, and maximising the leaf : stem ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under conditions of acute and moderate P stress, the resources of the wheat plant appear to be directed towards maintaining root growth (at least initially), limiting and delaying shoot proliferation, and maximising the leaf : stem ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that these responses conserve P to maintain at least one fertile tiller.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- survival of at least 1 weak, but fertile, tillere0
- Qualifier
- adaptive mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These regulations appear circumstantially to be adaptive mechanisms for conserving suffiient P to ensure the survival of at least 1 weak, but fertile, tiller on each plant”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd)”
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See all 572 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.