Abstract
Shading (92%) of `Redchief Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees for 10-day periods from 10 to 20, 15 to 25, 20 to 30, and 25 to 35 days after full bloom (DAFB) caused greater fruit abscission than shading from 5 to 15, 30 to 40, 35 to 45, or 47 to 57 DAFB. Fruit 8 to 33 mm in diameter (10 to 30 DAFB) were very sensitive to 10 days of shade, even though fruit sizes of 6 to 12 mm are considered the most sensitive to chemical thinners. In a second test, shading for 3 days caused fruit thinning; 5 days of shade in the periods 18 to 23, 23 to 28, and 28 to 33 DAFB caused greater thinning than 11 to 16 or 33 to 38 DAFB. Shading reduced photosynthesis (Pn) to about one-third that of noncovered trees. Terbacil (50 mg·liter -1 ) + X-77 surfactant (1250 mg·liter -1 ) applied with a hand-pump sprayer 5, 10, or 15 DAFB greatly reduced fruit set and caused some leaf yellowing, particularly in the earliest treatments. Terbacil reduced Pn by more than 90% at 72 hours after application. Shoot growth of trees defruited by shade or terbacil was equivalent to defruited or deblossomed trees; ethephon (1500 mg·liter -1 ) inhibited tree growth and defruited trees. No terbacil residues were dectected in fruit at harvest from applications made 5, 15, 20, 25, or 30 DAFB. Eleven of 12 photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides were also found to thin `Redchief Delicious' apple trees. Shading caused more thinning than terbacil at the later applications, which may reflect poorer absorption and/or lesser photosynthetic inhibition than when terbacil was applied to older leaves.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Shading from 10–35 days after full bloom caused greater apple fruit abscission than earlier or later intervals.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- `Redchief Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- Shading (92%)e0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- shading from 5 to 15, 30 to 40, 35 to 45, or 47 to 57 DAFBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading (92%) of `Redchief Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees for 10-day periods from 10 to 20, 15 to 25, 20 to 30, and 25 to 35 days after full bloom (DAFB) caused greater fruit abscission than shading from 5 to 15, 30 to 40, 35 to 45, or 47 to 57 DAFB”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit 8 to 33 mm in diameter were very sensitive to ten days of shade.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit 8 to 33 mm in diameter (10 to 30 DAFB) were very sensitive to 10 days of shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Three days of shading caused apple fruit thinning.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“shading for 3 days caused fruit thinning”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days of shading at 18–33 days after full bloom caused greater thinning than at 11–16 or 33–38 days.
- Treatment
- 5 days of shade in the periods 18 to 23, 23 to 28, and 28 to 33 DAFBe0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- 11 to 16 or 33 to 38 DAFBe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“5 days of shade in the periods 18 to 23, 23 to 28, and 28 to 33 DAFB caused greater thinning than 11 to 16 or 33 to 38 DAFB”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced photosynthesis to about one-third of noncovered trees.
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis (Pn)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- one-thirde0
- Comparator
- noncovered treese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Shading reduced photosynthesis (Pn) to about one-third that of noncovered trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbacil plus X-77 reduced apple fruit set and caused leaf yellowing.
- Treatment
- Terbacil (50 mg·liter -1 ) + X-77 surfactant (1250 mg·liter -1 )e0
- Outcome
- fruit set and caused some leaf yellowinge0
- Direction
- greatly reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Terbacil (50 mg·liter -1 ) + X-77 surfactant (1250 mg·liter -1 ) applied with a hand-pump sprayer 5, 10, or 15 DAFB greatly reduced fruit set and caused some leaf yellowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbacil reduced photosynthesis by more than 90% at 72 hours.
- Treatment
- Terbacile0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 90%e0
- Qualifier
- 72 hours after applicatione0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Terbacil reduced Pn by more than 90% at 72 hours after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot growth after shade or terbacil defruiting was equivalent to defruited or deblossomed trees.
- Treatment
- shade or terbacile0
- Outcome
- Shoot growthe0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- defruited or deblossomed treese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Shoot growth of trees defruited by shade or terbacil was equivalent to defruited or deblossomed trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon inhibited apple tree growth and defruited trees.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“ethephon (1500 mg·liter -1 ) inhibited tree growth and defruited trees”
Claim · model-written summary
No terbacil residues were detected in fruit at harvest after applications at 5–30 days after full bloom.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“No terbacil residues were dectected in fruit at harvest from applications made 5, 15, 20, 25, or 30 DAFB”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven of twelve photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides thinned Redchief Delicious apple trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- `Redchief Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicidese0
- Outcome
- thine0
- Direction
- thine0
- Value
- Eleven of 12e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven of 12 photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides were also found to thin `Redchief Delicious' apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Later shading applications caused more thinning than terbacil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Shading caused more thinning than terbacil at the later applications”
The same questions in other papers
surfactant · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.