Abstract
SummaryRemoval of the stigma and half the style from flowers at the pink or early stages of bloom caused 98% of the fruits to drop by 15 days after full bloom (AFB). Two or three consecutive days of 92% artificial shade (92% polypropylene shade material) reduced fruit set to 83-93% when trees were shaded 14, 21 and 28 days AFB. However, two or three days of artificial shade applied 8, 35, or 42 days AFB did not influence fruit drop. After three days of artificial shade, fruit stopped growing on the last day of shading and up to six days after shading and dropped 7-12 days later. Naturally occurring fruit drop in the period from 15 to 40 days AFB appeared to be related to 2-4 days of cloudy weather. Low light from cloudy periods 3-4 days long were calculated to be equivalent to 2-3 days of 92% artificial shade. If 1-2 days of sunlight separated the two or three days of applied artificial shade, less thinning occurred. Two days of artificial shade induced more fruit drop than NAA, ethephon, or carbaryl + oil thinning sprays. When carbaryl + oil were applied on the first day of artificially shaded trees, more thinning occurred than if no shade was applied or if trees were exposed to one day of full sun before the thinner was applied. When fruit were 20 mm in diameter, shading the whole tree for three days caused 98% fruit abscission, but if a limb was left in the sun 70% of its fruit were retained on that limb whilst a shaded limb on the shaded part of the tree retained only 5% of its fruit. Shading only one limb for three days caused 45% fruit abscission on that limb without affecting the fruit set on the rest of the tree.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Removing stigma and half the style caused 98% of apple fruit to drop by 15 days after full bloom.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- flowers at the pink or early stages of bloome0
- Treatment
- Removal of the stigma and half the stylee0
- Outcome
- fruits to drope0
- Direction
- drope0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Removal of the stigma and half the style from flowers at the pink or early stages of bloom caused 98% of the fruits to drop by 15 days after full bloom (AFB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two or three days of 92% artificial shade reduced apple fruit set to 83-93% at 14, 21 and 28 days after full bloom.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Two or three consecutive days of 92% artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 83-93%e0
- Qualifier
- 14, 21 and 28 days AFBe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Two or three consecutive days of 92% artificial shade (92% polypropylene shade material) reduced fruit set to 83-93% when trees were shaded 14, 21 and 28 days AFB”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade applied 8, 35, or 42 days after full bloom did not influence apple fruit drop.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- two or three days of artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- fruit drope0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
- Qualifier
- 8, 35, or 42 days AFBe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“two or three days of artificial shade applied 8, 35, or 42 days AFB did not influence fruit drop”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit stopped growing during and for up to six days after three days of shade.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- three days of artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- fruit stopped growinge0
- Direction
- stopped growinge0
- Qualifier
- up to six days after shadinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“After three days of artificial shade, fruit stopped growing on the last day of shading and up to six days after shading”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit dropped 7-12 days after three days of shade.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- three days of artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- droppede0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 7-12 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“After three days of artificial shade, fruit stopped growing on the last day of shading and up to six days after shading and dropped 7-12 days later”
Claim · model-written summary
Naturally occurring apple fruit drop from 15 to 40 days after full bloom appeared related to 2-4 days of cloudy weather.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2-4 days of cloudy weathere0
- Outcome
- fruit drope0
- Qualifier
- appeared to be relatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Naturally occurring fruit drop in the period from 15 to 40 days AFB appeared to be related to 2-4 days of cloudy weather”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light from 3-4 cloudy days was calculated as equivalent to 2-3 days of 92% artificial shade.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Low light from cloudy periods 3-4 days longe0
- Outcome
- equivalent to 2-3 days of 92% artificial shadee0
- Value
- 2-3 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Low light from cloudy periods 3-4 days long were calculated to be equivalent to 2-3 days of 92% artificial shade”
Claim · model-written summary
One or two sunlit days separating shaded days reduced apple fruit thinning.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 1-2 days of sunlight separated the two or three days of applied artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“If 1-2 days of sunlight separated the two or three days of applied artificial shade, less thinning occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days of shade caused more apple fruit drop than NAA, ethephon or carbaryl plus oil thinning sprays.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Two days of artificial shadee0
- Outcome
- fruit drope0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- NAA, ethephon, or carbaryl + oil thinning sprayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Two days of artificial shade induced more fruit drop than NAA, ethephon, or carbaryl + oil thinning sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl plus oil on the first day of shade caused more apple fruit thinning than carbaryl plus oil without shade.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryl + oil were applied on the first day of artificially shaded treese0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- no shade was appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“When carbaryl + oil were applied on the first day of artificially shaded trees, more thinning occurred than if no shade was applied or if trees were exposed to one day of full sun before the thinner was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl plus oil on the first day of shade caused more apple fruit thinning than after one full sun day.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryl + oil were applied on the first day of artificially shaded treese0
- Outcome
- thinninge0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- one day of full sun before the thinner was appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“When carbaryl + oil were applied on the first day of artificially shaded trees, more thinning occurred than if no shade was applied or if trees were exposed to one day of full sun before the thinner was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Three days of whole-tree shade caused 98% apple fruit abscission when fruit diameter was 20 mm.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- shading the whole tree for three dayse0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- abscissione0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Qualifier
- fruit were 20 mm in diametere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“When fruit were 20 mm in diameter, shading the whole tree for three days caused 98% fruit abscission”
Claim · model-written summary
On a limb left in the sun, 70% of apple fruit were retained during whole-tree shading.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- a limb was left in the sune0
- Outcome
- fruit were retainede0
- Direction
- retainede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Qualifier
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- a shaded limbe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“if a limb was left in the sun 70% of its fruit were retained on that limb whilst a shaded limb on the shaded part of the tree retained only 5% of its fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
A shaded limb retained only 5% of apple fruit during whole-tree shading.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- a shaded limb on the shaded part of the treee0
- Outcome
- retained only 5% of its fruite0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“a shaded limb on the shaded part of the tree retained only 5% of its fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading one limb for three days caused 45% apple fruit abscission on that limb.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Shading only one limb for three dayse0
- Outcome
- fruit abscission on that limbe0
- Direction
- abscissione0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Shading only one limb for three days caused 45% fruit abscission on that limb without affecting the fruit set on the rest of the tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading one limb for three days did not affect apple fruit set on the rest of the tree.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Shading only one limb for three dayse0
- Outcome
- fruit set on the rest of the treee0
- Direction
- without affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple fruit”
e0“Shading only one limb for three days caused 45% fruit abscission on that limb without affecting the fruit set on the rest of the tree”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.