Abstract
Regulation of grapevine water status is a common practice to manipulate grape composition and winequality. In this investigation the effect of plant water status (two field water capacity-based irrigation levels,75% and 100%, applied at single and combined vine developmental stages) and ripeness level (harvestingat different soluble solid levels) on grape composition and wine quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99 was determined. Integrative effects of vine water relations and grape ripeness level, specificallyin a Mediterranean high winter rainfall area, have not yet been investigated systematically. Source:sinkmechanisms and dynamics and compositional and physical changes during both green berry and ripeningperiods (and in response to environment changes), seemed critical for the final grape composition and winequality/style. Despite relatively favourable conditions of the experiment terroir, additional water was stillrequired to obtain best grape and wine quality. Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated inparticular by 75% (field water capacity) pea size (PS) irrigation, post-véraison (PV) irrigation and 75% peasize+post-véraison irrigation, until the last harvest stage. Treatments that included post-véraison irrigationwere not negative in terms of ripening parameters. Increasing total soluble solids with ripening were notfollowed in parallel by anthocyanin potential. Anthocyanin extractability increased with ripening. A late,overripe harvest may result in wines that are slightly better coloured, but highly alcoholic and tannic.Furthermore, at high ripeness level, differences between treatments largely diminished. Over-ripenessof grapes may have tempering and even negative effects on expected outcomes of seasonal cultivationefforts to produce unique wines. This would not favour economic viability. Although non-irrigated winesfailed to result in exceptional wine quality at any harvest stage, a better result in overall quality wasobtained in comparison to irrigation treatments applied at all stages. Berry and wine composition resultscorresponded with findings on wine sensorial quality. The 75% PS, PV irrigation, and 75% PS+PVirrigation consistently resulted in good quality wines. At the first harvest stage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75%PS+V and 75% PS+PV irrigations gave most prominent wines; at the second harvest stage, vines irrigated75% at PS, 75% at PS+PV and 75% at PV delivered most prominent wines; and at the third harveststage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS and 75% PS+PV resulted in most prominent wines. These treatmentsrepresented different wine styles at each harvest stage. Restricted PS irrigation and PV irrigation, as singleor combined treatments, featured prominently in favouring grape and wine composition and wine sensorialquality. Physical and compositional changes in ripening berries and the impact on wine quality and stylewere further clarified. New perspectives on managing time of harvesting with varying vine water status aregiven. Recommendations on vine water status management strategies required to obtain different grapecomposition and wine style are made.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Despite favourable terroir conditions, additional water was still required to obtain the best grape and wine quality.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferat0 - Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Outcome
- best grape and wine qualitye0
- Qualifier
- additional water was still requirede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“additional water was still required to obtain best grape and wine quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated by 75% field water capacity irrigation at pea size.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% (field water capacity) pea size (PS) irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Skin colour and total phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated”
e1“75% (field water capacity) pea size (PS) irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated by post-veraison irrigation.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- post-véraison (PV) irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Skin colour and total phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated”
e1“post-véraison (PV) irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated by 75% irrigation at pea size plus post-veraison.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% pea size+post-véraison irrigatione1
- Outcome
- Skin colour and total phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Skin colour and total phenolic contents were stimulated”
e1“75% pea size+post-véraison irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments that included post-veraison irrigation were not negative in terms of ripening parameters.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- Treatments that included post-véraison irrigatione0
- Outcome
- ripening parameterse0
- Direction
- not negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Treatments that included post-véraison irrigation were not negative in terms of ripening parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing total soluble solids with ripening were not followed in parallel by anthocyanin potential.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Organ / stage
- ripeninge0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin potentiale0
- Direction
- not followed in parallele0
- Qualifier
- Increasing total soluble solidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Increasing total soluble solids with ripening were not followed in parallel by anthocyanin potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin extractability increased with ripening.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Organ / stage
- ripeninge0
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin extractabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Anthocyanin extractability increased with ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
A late, overripe harvest may give wines that are slightly better coloured but highly alcoholic and tannic.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- A late, overripe harveste0
- Outcome
- wines that are slightly better coloured, but highly alcoholic and tannice0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“A late, overripe harvest may result in wines that are slightly better coloured, but highly alcoholic and tannic”
Claim · model-written summary
At high ripeness level, differences between treatments largely diminished.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Outcome
- differences between treatmentse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- at high ripeness levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“at high ripeness level, differences between treatments largely diminished”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-ripeness of grapes may have tempering and even negative effects on expected outcomes of seasonal cultivation efforts to produce unique wines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- Over-ripeness of grapese0
- Outcome
- expected outcomes of seasonal cultivation efforts to produce unique winese0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Over-ripeness of grapes may have tempering and even negative effects on expected outcomes of seasonal cultivation efforts to produce unique wines”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-irrigated vines failed to give exceptional wine quality at any harvest stage.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- non-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- exceptional wine qualitye0
- Direction
- failede0
- Qualifier
- at any harvest stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“non-irrigated wines failed to result in exceptional wine quality at any harvest stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-irrigated vines gave a better overall wine quality than irrigation treatments applied at all stages.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- non-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- overall qualitye1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- irrigation treatments applied at all stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“non-irrigated wines”
e1“a better result in overall quality was obtained in comparison to irrigation treatments applied at all stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry and wine composition results corresponded with findings on wine sensorial quality.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Outcome
- Berry and wine composition resultse0
- Qualifier
- corresponded with findings on wine sensorial qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Berry and wine composition results corresponded with findings on wine sensorial quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% PS, PV and 75% PS+PV irrigation treatments consistently resulted in good quality wines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% PS, PV irrigation, and 75% PS+PV irrigatione0
- Outcome
- good quality winese0
- Qualifier
- consistentlye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“The 75% PS, PV irrigation, and 75% PS+PV irrigation consistently resulted in good quality wines”
Claim · model-written summary
At the first harvest stage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS+V and 75% PS+PV irrigations gave the most prominent wines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS+V and 75% PS+PV irrigationse0
- Outcome
- most prominent winese0
- Qualifier
- first harvest stagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“At the first harvest stage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS+V and 75% PS+PV irrigations gave most prominent wines”
Claim · model-written summary
At the second harvest stage, vines irrigated at 75% at PS, PS+PV and PV delivered the most prominent wines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% at PS, 75% at PS+PV and 75% at PVe0
- Outcome
- most prominent winese0
- Qualifier
- second harvest stagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“at the second harvest stage, vines irrigated75% at PS, 75% at PS+PV and 75% at PV delivered most prominent wines”
Claim · model-written summary
At the third harvest stage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS and 75% PS+PV irrigations resulted in the most prominent wines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS and 75% PS+PVe0
- Outcome
- most prominent winese0
- Qualifier
- third harveststagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“at the third harveststage, 75% PV, 100% PV, 75% PS and 75% PS+PV resulted in most prominent wines”
Claim · model-written summary
These treatments represented different wine styles at each harvest stage.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Outcome
- different wine stylese0
- Qualifier
- at each harvest stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“These treatments represented different wine styles at each harvest stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted PS irrigation and PV irrigation, single or combined, featured prominently in favouring grape and wine composition and wine sensorial quality.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Shiraz/Richter 99t0
- Treatment
- Restricted PS irrigation and PV irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grape and wine composition and wine sensorial qualitye1
- Direction
- favouringe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Restricted PS irrigation and PV irrigation”
e1“featured prominently in favouring grape and wine composition and wine sensorial quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Source:sink mechanisms and dynamics seemed critical for the final grape composition.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- final grape compositione1
- Qualifier
- Source:sink mechanisms and dynamicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz/Richter 99”
e0“Source:sink mechanisms and dynamics”
e1“seemed critical for the final grape composition”
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