Abstract
ABSTRACT We developed and tested regression methods to exploit the variability in disease inherent in field experiments, and applied the methods to evaluate strains of Bacillus cereus for biocontrol efficacy. Four B. cereus strains were tested for their effect on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) performance in 16 field trials planted during 1993 to 1996 at multiple sites in Wisconsin. To evaluate performance of the strains, we used the ratio of (metalaxyl response)/(untreated control response) as a measure of disease intensity within the experiments. The ratio of (Bacillus response)/(untreated control response) was then regressed as a function of disease intensity. The slope of the resulting line provides a statistical test to compare performance of the Bacillus strain with that of the untreated seed (H(o): slope = 0) and metalaxyl controls (H(o): slope = 1). Under conditions in which disease occurred, forage yield of plots planted with seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12 exceeded yield from the untreated control plots (P = 0.002) and was similar to yield of plots planted with metalaxyl-treated seed (P = 0.14). Yield gain associated with AS4-12 and metalaxyl seed treatment averaged 6.1 +/- 2.8% (+/-standard error) and 3.0 +/- 2.8%, respectively. In contrast to the regression approach, means analysis by analysis of variance did not detect differences among treatments. Three other B. cereus strains either did not increase alfalfa yield or increased yield less than did AS4-12. Metalaxyl and three of the Bacillus strains increased seedling emergence, but the improved stands were not predictive of increased forage yield. In six additional studies conducted for one season in 1997, AS4-12 enhanced yield of two cultivars at diverse locations in Wisconsin, but there was an apparent cultivar-location interaction. A strong correlation between response to AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatment suggests that these treatments controlled similar pathogens, most likely the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12 yielded more forage than untreated control under disease conditions (P = 0.002).
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12e1
- Interactor
- B. cereus strain AS4-12
Bacillus cereuse1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- forage yielde1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Qualifier
- Under conditions in which disease occurrede2
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“forage yield of plots planted with seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12 exceeded yield from the untreated control plots (P = 0.002) and was similar to yield of plots planted with metalaxyl-treated seed (P = 0.14)”
e2“Under conditions in which disease occurred”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AS4-12 seed treatment gained 6.1 +/- 2.8% forage yield.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AS4-12e3
- Interactor
- B. cereus strain AS4-12Bacillus cereuse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Yield gaine3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 6.1 +/- 2.8%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12”
e3“Yield gain associated with AS4-12 and metalaxyl seed treatment averaged 6.1 +/- 2.8% (+/-standard error) and 3.0 +/- 2.8%, respectively”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Metalaxyl seed treatment gained 3.0 +/- 2.8% forage yield.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- metalaxyl seed treatmente3
- Outcome
- Yield gaine3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 3.0 +/- 2.8%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Yield gain associated with AS4-12 and metalaxyl seed treatment averaged 6.1 +/- 2.8% (+/-standard error) and 3.0 +/- 2.8%, respectively”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AS4-12 seed treatment yielded similar forage to metalaxyl-treated seed (P = 0.14).
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12e1
- Outcome
- forage yielde1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- metalaxyl-treated seede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“forage yield of plots planted with seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4-12 exceeded yield from the untreated control plots (P = 0.002) and was similar to yield of plots planted with metalaxyl-treated seed (P = 0.14)”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The regression approach detected yield differences among treatments whereas analysis of variance did not.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- differences among treatmentse4
- Comparator
- regression approache4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In contrast to the regression approach, means analysis by analysis of variance did not detect differences among treatments”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Three other B. cereus strains did not increase alfalfa yield as much as AS4-12.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Three other B. cereus strainse5
- Interactor
- B. cereusBacillus cereuse5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- alfalfa yielde5
- Direction
- did not increasee5
- Comparator
- AS4-12e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Three other B. cereus strains either did not increase alfalfa yield or increased yield less than did AS4-12”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Metalaxyl and three Bacillus strains increased seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Metalaxyl and three of the Bacillus strainse6
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Metalaxyl and three of the Bacillus strains increased seedling emergence, but the improved stands were not predictive of increased forage yield”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved stands were not predictive of increased alfalfa forage yield.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- improved standse6
- Outcome
- forage yielde6
- Direction
- not predictive of increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Metalaxyl and three of the Bacillus strains increased seedling emergence, but the improved stands were not predictive of increased forage yield”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AS4-12 enhanced yield of two cultivars at diverse locations in Wisconsin in six additional studies.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- two cultivarse7
- Treatment
- AS4-12e7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Setting
- diverse locations in Wisconsine7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In six additional studies conducted for one season in 1997, AS4-12 enhanced yield of two cultivars at diverse locations in Wisconsin, but there was an apparent cultivar-location interaction”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
An apparent cultivar-location interaction was observed for the AS4-12 yield response.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- cultivar-location interactione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In six additional studies conducted for one season in 1997, AS4-12 enhanced yield of two cultivars at diverse locations in Wisconsin, but there was an apparent cultivar-location interaction”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Response to AS4-12 and to metalaxyl treatment were strongly correlated.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatmente0
- Outcome
- correlation between response to AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A strong correlation between response to AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatment suggests that these treatments controlled similar pathogens, most likely the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp.”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AS4-12 and metalaxyl may have controlled similar oomycete pathogens, most likely Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatmente0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora medicaginisPhytophthora medicaginise0pathogen
- Outcome
- controlled similar pathogense0
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PythiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
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Verbatim
e0“A strong correlation between response to AS4-12 and metalaxyl treatment suggests that these treatments controlled similar pathogens, most likely the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp.”
t0“on Alfalfa Yield”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.