Abstract
Annual bedding plant seedlings or plugs are considered high quality when they are compact, fully rooted transplants with a large stem caliper and high root dry mass. Greenhouses in northern latitudes rely on supplemental lighting (SL) from high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) during winter months to achieve high-quality, finished plugs. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer higher energy efficiencies, a long operating life, and precise waveband specificity that can eliminate wavebands not considered useful. Seedlings of Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Pelargonium , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola were grown at 21 °C under a 16-hour photoperiod of ambient solar light and SL of 100 μmol·m −2 ·s –1 from either HPS lamps or LED arrays with varying proportions (%) of red:blue light (100:0, 85:15, or 70:30). Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps. Additionally, stem caliper of Antirrhinum , Pelargonium , and Tagetes was 16%, 8%, and 13% larger, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with seedlings grown under HPS lamps. The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps. However, it was significantly higher for Petunia , Salvia , and Viola under 85:15, 70:30, and 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps, respectively. These results indicate that seedling quality for the majority of the species tested under SL from LEDs providing both red and blue light was similar or higher than those grown under HPS lamps.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Catharanthus seedlings were 31% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- Catharanthus
_W2_IMG_3209.jpg?width=60)
Catharanthuse1 - Treatment
- 85:15 red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- Heighte1
- Direction
- shortere1
- Value
- 31%e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_W2_IMG_3209.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Celosia seedlings were 29% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
CelosiaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Impatiens seedlings were 31% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
ImpatiensOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia seedlings were 55% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Tagetes seedlings were 20% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
TagetesOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Salvia seedlings were 9% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
SalviaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Viola seedlings were 35% shorter under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
ViolaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Height of Catharanthus , Celosia , Impatiens , Petunia , Tagetes , Salvia , and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Antirrhinum seedlings had a 16% larger stem caliper under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- Antirrhinum
Antirrhinume1 - Treatment
- 85:15 red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- stem calipere1
- Direction
- largere1
- Value
- 16%e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“stem caliper of Antirrhinum , Pelargonium , and Tagetes was 16%, 8%, and 13% larger, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with seedlings grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonium seedlings had a 8% larger stem caliper under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium
.jpg?width=60)
Pelargoniume1 - Treatment
- 85:15 red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- stem calipere1
- Direction
- largere1
- Value
- 8%e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“stem caliper of Antirrhinum , Pelargonium , and Tagetes was 16%, 8%, and 13% larger, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with seedlings grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Tagetes seedlings had a 13% larger stem caliper under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“stem caliper of Antirrhinum , Pelargonium , and Tagetes was 16%, 8%, and 13% larger, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with seedlings grown under HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Antirrhinum seedling quality index was similar under red:blue LEDs and under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- AntirrhinumAntirrhinume1
- Treatment
- LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Catharanthus seedling quality index was similar under red:blue LEDs and under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- CatharanthusCatharanthuse1
- Treatment
- LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Impatiens seedling quality index was similar under red:blue LEDs and under HPS lamps.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonium seedling quality index was similar under red:blue LEDs and under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- PelargoniumPelargoniume1
- Treatment
- LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Tagetes seedling quality index was similar under red:blue LEDs and under HPS lamps.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum , Catharanthus , Impatiens , Pelargonium , and Tagetes grown under LEDs and HPS lamps”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia seedling quality index was significantly higher under 85:15 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Treatment
- red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e2
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- 85:15e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, it was significantly higher for Petunia , Salvia , and Viola under 85:15, 70:30, and 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps, respectively”
e2“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Salvia seedling quality index was significantly higher under 70:30 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Treatment
- red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e2
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- 70:30e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, it was significantly higher for Petunia , Salvia , and Viola under 85:15, 70:30, and 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps, respectively”
e2“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Viola seedling quality index was significantly higher under 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps.
- Treatment
- red:blue LEDse1
- Outcome
- quality index (QI)e2
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- 100:0e1
- Comparator
- HPS lampse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, it was significantly higher for Petunia , Salvia , and Viola under 85:15, 70:30, and 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps, respectively”
e2“The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality”
The same questions in other papers
light · quality: general · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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light · growth · CelosiaPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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- negative
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light · growth · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 24 papers →light · growth · ViolaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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light · growth · Salvia (sages)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →light · growth · Tagetes (marigolds)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →light · growth · ImpatiensResults agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.