Abstract
Infested seed are typically the primary source of inoculum for bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits. An inoculum threshold of 1 infested seed per 10,000 seeds is widely used in seed health testing for Acidovorax citrulli. However, the influence of seed inoculum load on BFB seedling transmission has not been elucidated. In this study, watermelon seedlots (128 seeds/lot) containing one seed inoculated with A. citrulli at levels ranging from 1 × 10 1 to 1 × 10 7 CFU were used to investigate the effect of seed inoculum load on seedling transmission and spatiotemporal spread of BFB under greenhouse conditions. The relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum load and frequency of BFB seedling transmission followed a sigmoidal pattern (R 2 = 0.986, P = 0.0047). In all, 100 and 96.6% of seedlots containing one seed with 1 × 10 7 and 1 × 10 5 CFU of A. citrulli, respectively, transmitted the pathogen to seedlings; in contrast, the proportion of seedlots that yielded BFB-infected seedlings was lower for lots with one seed infested with 1 × 10 3 (46.6%) and 1 × 10 1 (16.7%) CFU of A. citrulli. The relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum load and frequency of pathogen detection in seedlots using immunomagnetic separation combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay also followed a sigmoidal pattern (R 2 = 0.997, P = 0.0034). Whereas 100% of samples from seedlots (10,000 seeds/lot) with one seed containing ≥1 × 10 5 CFU tested positive for A. citrulli, 75% of samples from lots with one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFU tested positive for the pathogen, and only 16.7% of samples with one seed containing 10 CFU tested positive. Because disease transmission was observed for lots with just one seed containing 10 A. citrulli CFU, zero tolerance for seedborne A. citrulli is recommended for effective BFB management. The seedling transmission experiments also revealed that temporal spread of BFB in 128-cell seedling trays increased linearly with A. citrulli inoculum load (r 2 = 0.976, P = 0.0037). Additionally, the frequency of spatial spread of BFB from an inoculated seedling in the center of a planting tray to adjacent healthy seedlings over one-, two-, or three-cell distances was greater for lots with one seed infested with at least 1 × 10 5 CFU than for lots with one seed infested at lower inoculum loads (1 × 10 1 and 1 × 10 3 CFU/seed).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling transmission frequency followed a sigmoidal pattern with A. citrulli seed inoculum load (R 2 = 0.986, P = 0.0047).
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Treatment
- seed inoculum loade1
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency of BFB seedling transmissione1
- Value
- R 2 = 0.986e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e1“The relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum load and frequency of BFB seedling transmission followed a sigmoidal pattern (R 2 = 0.986, P = 0.0047)”
Claim · model-written summary
In seedlots with one seed containing 1 × 10 7 CFU of A. citrulli, 100% transmitted the pathogen to seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 1 × 10 7e2
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie2pathogen
- Outcome
- transmitted the pathogen to seedlingse2
- Value
- 100e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e2“In all, 100 and 96.6% of seedlots containing one seed with 1 × 10 7 and 1 × 10 5 CFU of A. citrulli, respectively, transmitted the pathogen to seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In seedlots with one seed containing 1 × 10 5 CFU of A. citrulli, 96.6% transmitted the pathogen to seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 1 × 10 5 CFUe2
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie2pathogen
- Outcome
- transmitted the pathogen to seedlingse2
- Value
- 96.6%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e2“In all, 100 and 96.6% of seedlots containing one seed with 1 × 10 7 and 1 × 10 5 CFU of A. citrulli, respectively, transmitted the pathogen to seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlots with one seed infested with 1 × 10 3 CFU of A. citrulli yielded BFB-infected seedlings less often (46.6%) than higher loads.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- one seed infested with 1 × 10 3e3
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie3pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of seedlots that yielded BFB-infected seedlingse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 46.6%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e3“the proportion of seedlots that yielded BFB-infected seedlings was lower for lots with one seed infested with 1 × 10 3 (46.6%) and 1 × 10 1 (16.7%) CFU of A. citrulli”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlots with one seed infested with 1 × 10 1 CFU of A. citrulli yielded BFB-infected seedlings less often (16.7%) than higher loads.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 1 × 10 1e3
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie3pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of seedlots that yielded BFB-infected seedlingse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 16.7%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e3“the proportion of seedlots that yielded BFB-infected seedlings was lower for lots with one seed infested with 1 × 10 3 (46.6%) and 1 × 10 1 (16.7%) CFU of A. citrulli”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequency of pathogen detection in seedlots followed a sigmoidal pattern with seed inoculum load when assayed by immunomagnetic separation with real-time PCR (R 2 = 0.997, P = 0.0034).
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- seed inoculum loade4
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie4pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency of pathogen detection in seedlotse4
- Value
- R 2 = 0.997e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e4“The relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum load and frequency of pathogen detection in seedlots using immunomagnetic separation combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay also followed a sigmoidal pattern (R 2 = 0.997, P = 0.0034)”
Claim · model-written summary
With one seed containing at least 1 × 10 5 CFU, 100% of seedlot samples tested positive for A. citrulli.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- one seed containing ≥1 × 10 5 CFUe5
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie5pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positivee5
- Value
- 100%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e5“Whereas 100% of samples from seedlots (10,000 seeds/lot) with one seed containing ≥1 × 10 5 CFU tested positive for A. citrulli, 75% of samples from lots with one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFU tested positive for the pathogen, and only 16.7% of samples with one seed containing 10 CFU tested positive”
Claim · model-written summary
With one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFU, 75% of seedlot samples tested positive for the pathogen.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFUe5
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie5pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positivee5
- Value
- 75%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e5“Whereas 100% of samples from seedlots (10,000 seeds/lot) with one seed containing ≥1 × 10 5 CFU tested positive for A. citrulli, 75% of samples from lots with one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFU tested positive for the pathogen, and only 16.7% of samples with one seed containing 10 CFU tested positive”
Claim · model-written summary
With one seed containing 10 CFU, 16.7% of seedlot samples tested positive for the pathogen.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- one seed containing 10 CFUe5
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie5pathogen
- Outcome
- tested positivee5
- Value
- 16.7%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e5“Whereas 100% of samples from seedlots (10,000 seeds/lot) with one seed containing ≥1 × 10 5 CFU tested positive for A. citrulli, 75% of samples from lots with one seed containing 1 × 10 3 CFU tested positive for the pathogen, and only 16.7% of samples with one seed containing 10 CFU tested positive”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tolerance for seedborne A. citrulli is recommended for effective BFB management.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie6pathogen
- Outcome
- zero tolerance for seedborne A. citrullie6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e6“Because disease transmission was observed for lots with just one seed containing 10 A. citrulli CFU, zero tolerance for seedborne A. citrulli is recommended for effective BFB management”
Claim · model-written summary
Temporal spread of BFB in 128-cell seedling trays increased linearly with A. citrulli inoculum load (r 2 = 0.976, P = 0.0037).
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- A. citrulli inoculum loade7
- Interactor
- A. citrulliParacidovorax citrullie7pathogen
- Outcome
- temporal spread of BFBe7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- r 2 = 0.976e7
- Setting
- 128-cell seedling trayse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e7“The seedling transmission experiments also revealed that temporal spread of BFB in 128-cell seedling trays increased linearly with A. citrulli inoculum load (r 2 = 0.976, P = 0.0037)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spatial spread of BFB to adjacent seedlings was greater for lots with one seed infested with at least 1 × 10 5 CFU than for lots with lower inoculum loads.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- one seed infested with at least 1 × 10 5 CFUe7
- Outcome
- frequency of spatial spread of BFBe7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- lots with one seed infested at lower inoculum loads (1 × 10 1 and 1 × 10 3 CFU/seed)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Blotch of Watermelon”
e7“the frequency of spatial spread of BFB from an inoculated seedling in the center of a planting tray to adjacent healthy seedlings over one-, two-, or three-cell distances was greater for lots with one seed infested with at least 1 × 10 5 CFU than for lots with one seed infested at lower inoculum loads (1 × 10 1 and 1 × 10 3 CFU/seed)”
The same questions in other papers
infection · Paracidovorax citrulli · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
infection · disease · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.