Abstract
The INDETERMINATE1 gene, ID1, encodes a putative transcription factor that plays an important role in regulating the transition to flowering in maize. Mutant id1 plants have a prolonged vegetative growth phase and fail to make normal flowers. The ID1 gene, which encodes a nuclear-localized zinc finger protein, is expressed exclusively in immature leaves, suggesting that ID1 regulates a leaf-derived floral inductive signal. It is shown by western analysis with anti-ID1-specific antibody that ID1 co-localizes with ID1 mRNA in developing, immature leaves and, similarly, is absent in mature, photosynthetically active leaf blades, as well as the shoot apical meristem. Immunolocalization with anti-ID1 antibody shows that ID1 protein is detected in the nuclei of all cell types in immature leaves. Examination of plants grown in different day/night cycles revealed that ID1 gene expression and protein levels are largely unaffected by variations in light and dark, and that mRNA and protein levels do not follow a circadian pattern. The absence of ID1 expression in greening leaf tips coincides with the sink-to-source transition of developing leaves. It was found that ID1 levels are down-regulated in mature albino leaves similarly as in normal green leaves, suggesting that ID1 activity is controlled developmentally and is not affected by the sink/source status of the leaf or the inability of a mature leaf to engage in photosynthesis. The finding that ID1 expression is developmentally regulated and is unperturbed by external stimuli such as photoperiod supports the supposition that ID1 acts through the autonomous floral inductive pathway in maize.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 protein co-localizes with ID1 mRNA in developing, immature maize leaves.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e1“ID1 co-localizes with ID1 mRNA in developing, immature leaves and, similarly, is absent in mature, photosynthetically active leaf blades, as well as the shoot apical meristem”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 is absent in mature, photosynthetically active maize leaf blades and in the shoot apical meristem.
- Organ / stage
- mature, photosynthetically active leaf blades, as well as the shoot apical meristeme1
- Outcome
- ID1e1
- Qualifier
- absente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e1“ID1 co-localizes with ID1 mRNA in developing, immature leaves and, similarly, is absent in mature, photosynthetically active leaf blades, as well as the shoot apical meristem”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 protein is detected in the nuclei of all cell types in immature maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- immature leavese2
- Gene
- ID1e2
- Outcome
- ID1 proteine2
- Qualifier
- in the nuclei of all cell typese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e2“Immunolocalization with anti-ID1 antibody shows that ID1 protein is detected in the nuclei of all cell types in immature leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 gene expression and protein levels are largely unaffected by variation in light and dark.
- Treatment
- variations in light and darke3
- Outcome
- ID1 gene expression and protein levelse3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e3“Examination of plants grown in different day/night cycles revealed that ID1 gene expression and protein levels are largely unaffected by variations in light and dark”
Claim · model-written summary
mRNA and protein levels of ID1 do not follow a circadian pattern in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e4“mRNA and protein levels do not follow a circadian pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 levels are down-regulated in mature albino maize leaves, similarly to normal green leaves.
- Organ / stage
- mature albino leavese5
- Outcome
- ID1 levelse5
- Direction
- down-regulatede5
- Comparator
- normal green leavese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e5“ID1 levels are down-regulated in mature albino leaves similarly as in normal green leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of ID1 expression in greening leaf tips coincides with the sink-to-source transition of developing maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- greening leaf tipse6
- Outcome
- absence of ID1 expressione6
- Qualifier
- coincides with the sink-to-source transitione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e6“The absence of ID1 expression in greening leaf tips coincides with the sink-to-source transition of developing leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 activity is controlled developmentally and is not affected by the sink/source status of the leaf.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1”
e7“suggesting that ID1 activity is controlled developmentally and is not affected by the sink/source status of the leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
ID1 likely acts through the autonomous floral inductive pathway in maize.
- Outcome
- ID1 acts through the autonomous floral inductive pathwaye0
- Qualifier
- autonomous floral inductive pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supports the supposition that ID1 acts through the autonomous floral inductive pathway in maize”
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light · molecular: expression · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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