Abstract
Abstract The effects of saline and alkaline stresses (from 1:1 molar ratios of NaCl : Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 : Na2CO3, respectively) were compared on the germination, growth, osmotic adjustment and ionic balance of wheat seedlings to elucidate the mechanism of alkaline stress (high pH) damage to plants and their physiological adaptive mechanism to alkaline stress. The effects of salines on the activity and free concentrations of various ions in nutrient solutions were analyzed with the program GEOCHEM-PC. This analysis showed that alkaline stress caused a heavy precipitate of phosphate and metal ions, excluding Na+ and K+, which caused a sharp decrease in ionic activity and in the free concentrations of various ions. The inhibitory effects of saline stress on the growth and germination of wheat seeds were reduced compared with the effects of alkaline stress. Alkaline stress damaged root function, photosynthetic pigments and the membrane system and led to severe reductions in root system activity and in the content of photosynthetic pigments, and to a sharp increase in electrolyte leakage. Massive Na+ influx may be the main cause of damage from alkaline stress. The effect of alkaline stress on the accumulation of inorganic ions was stronger than that of saline stress. Under alkaline stress, Na+ sharply increased and NO−3 and H2PO4 − decreased in shoots, which caused a severe deficit in negative charge. Wheat might enhance organic acid synthesis to remedy the shortage of inorganic anions and maintain a stable intracellular pH, and accumulate betaine and soluble sugars to cope with the osmotic stress from the high Na+ concentration in the vacuoles.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress caused heavy precipitation of phosphate and metal ions, sharply decreasing ionic activity and free ion concentrations in the nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- alkaline stresse1
- Outcome
- ionic activitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e1“This analysis showed that alkaline stress caused a heavy precipitate of phosphate and metal ions, excluding Na+ and K+, which caused a sharp decrease in ionic activity and in the free concentrations of various ions”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline stress inhibited wheat growth and germination less than alkaline stress did.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline stresse2
- Outcome
- growth and germinatione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- alkaline stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e2“The inhibitory effects of saline stress on the growth and germination of wheat seeds were reduced compared with the effects of alkaline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress reduced root system activity and photosynthetic pigment content in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Alkaline stresse3
- Outcome
- root system activity and in the content of photosynthetic pigmentse3
- Direction
- reductionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e3“Alkaline stress damaged root function, photosynthetic pigments and the membrane system and led to severe reductions in root system activity and in the content of photosynthetic pigments, and to a sharp increase in electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress sharply increased electrolyte leakage in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Alkaline stresse3
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee3
- Direction
- increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e3“Alkaline stress damaged root function, photosynthetic pigments and the membrane system and led to severe reductions in root system activity and in the content of photosynthetic pigments, and to a sharp increase in electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress sharply increased Na+ in wheat shoots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse4
- Treatment
- alkaline stresse4
- Outcome
- Na+e4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e4“Under alkaline stress, Na+ sharply increased and NO−3 and H2PO4 − decreased in shoots, which caused a severe deficit in negative charge”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress decreased NO3- and H2PO4- in wheat shoots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse4
- Treatment
- alkaline stresse4
- Outcome
- NO−3 and H2PO4 −e4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e4“Under alkaline stress, Na+ sharply increased and NO−3 and H2PO4 − decreased in shoots, which caused a severe deficit in negative charge”
Claim · model-written summary
Massive Na+ influx may be the main cause of damage from alkaline stress in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Na+e5
- Outcome
- damage from alkaline stresse5
- Qualifier
- may be the main causee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e5“Massive Na+ influx may be the main cause of damage from alkaline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline stress affected inorganic ion accumulation more strongly than saline stress did.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- alkaline stresse6
- Outcome
- accumulation of inorganic ionse6
- Direction
- strongere6
- Comparator
- saline stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat in response to saline and alkaline stresses”
e6“The effect of alkaline stress on the accumulation of inorganic ions was stronger than that of saline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat might enhance organic acid synthesis to remedy inorganic anion shortage and maintain a stable intracellular pH under alkaline stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume7
- Compound
- organic acide7
- Outcome
- maintain a stable intracellular pHe7
- Qualifier
- to remedy the shortage of inorganic anionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Wheat might enhance organic acid synthesis to remedy the shortage of inorganic anions and maintain a stable intracellular pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat might accumulate betaine and soluble sugars to cope with osmotic stress from high vacuolar Na+.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume6
- Compound
- betaine and soluble sugarse7
- Outcome
- cope with the osmotic stresse7
- Qualifier
- from the high Na+ concentration in the vacuolese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Wheat might enhance organic acid synthesis to remedy the shortage of inorganic anions and maintain a stable intracellular pH”
e7“accumulate betaine and soluble sugars to cope with the osmotic stress from the high Na+ concentration in the vacuoles”
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