Abstract
Citric and malic acid excretion in the medium and malic acid accumulation in seedling roots and embryo-derived calli as possible mechanisms of aluminum (Al) resistance and the effects of a 17-h Al stress period on root growth in Oryza sativa have been studied. Four-day-old seedlings and embryo-derived calli of Al-resistant (IRAT 112 and IR6023) and Al-sensitive (Aiwu and IKP) cultivars were treated with 250 and 500 µM {Al2(S04)3.18H20 }of total aluminum or without Al for 36 hours. After 3 to 36 hours of stress, seedlings and calli were removed from the flasks and concentration of citric and malic acids was estimated in the Al and control solutions. Malic acid was also assayed in roots tips and in callus tissues. After 17-h of Al stress, inhibition of root growth was a typical effect of Al in rice and the extent of the inhibition depended on both cultivar and Al concentration. At 500 µM of Al, strong reduction of root elongation occurred in all cultivars while at 250 µM of Al, only IRAT was unaffected, when compared to their control. In the absence of Al, all varieties excreted comparable amounts of citric and malic acid. Al treatments, were without effect upon citrate excretion in both Al-resistant and Al-sensitive cultivars. Al treatment, for periods from 3 to 24h, slightly stimulated the excretion of malic acid from seedlings, in all cultivars. Malic acid concentrations in root apices, in the presence or absence of aluminum, were not correlated with aluminum resistance. No differences in malic excretion and internal concentrations were detected between Al-treated and untreated rice calli of the same four cultivars. It is therefore concluded that, in our experimental conditions, differences in Al resistance in our rice cultivars cannot be attributed to citric and malic acids. Further research needs to be carried out to examine other possible mechanisms of Al-resistance in rice and to determine whether organic acids such as succinic and oxalic acid are implicated.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum stress inhibited root growth in rice, to an extent depending on cultivar and Al concentration.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 17-h of Al stresse1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Qualifier
- depended on both cultivar and Al concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e1“After 17-h of Al stress, inhibition of root growth was a typical effect of Al in rice and the extent of the inhibition depended on both cultivar and Al concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 µM Al, root elongation was strongly reduced in all rice cultivars compared with controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 500 µM of Ale2
- Outcome
- root elongatione2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Comparator
- their controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e2“At 500 µM of Al, strong reduction of root elongation occurred in all cultivars while at 250 µM of Al, only IRAT was unaffected, when compared to their control”
Claim · model-written summary
At 250 µM Al, only the IRAT rice cultivar was unaffected in root elongation compared with controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IRATe2
- Treatment
- 250 µM of Ale2
- Outcome
- root elongatione2
- Direction
- unaffectede2
- Comparator
- their controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e2“At 500 µM of Al, strong reduction of root elongation occurred in all cultivars while at 250 µM of Al, only IRAT was unaffected, when compared to their control”
Claim · model-written summary
Al treatments had no effect on citrate excretion in Al-resistant or Al-sensitive rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Al treatmentse3
- Outcome
- citrate excretione3
- Direction
- without effecte3
- Comparator
- In the absence of Ale3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e3“In the absence of Al, all varieties excreted comparable amounts of citric and malic acid. Al treatments, were without effect upon citrate excretion in both Al-resistant and Al-sensitive cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Al treatment for 3 to 24 h slightly stimulated malic acid excretion from rice seedlings in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse4
- Treatment
- Al treatmente4
- Outcome
- excretion of malic acide4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Qualifier
- slightlye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e4“Al treatment, for periods from 3 to 24h, slightly stimulated the excretion of malic acid from seedlings, in all cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid concentrations in rice root apices were not correlated with aluminum resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- Malic acide5
- Outcome
- Malic acid concentrations in root apicese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e5“Malic acid concentrations in root apices, in the presence or absence of aluminum, were not correlated with aluminum resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Al treatment did not change malic acid excretion or internal concentrations in rice calli.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- callie6
- Treatment
- Al-treatede6
- Outcome
- malic excretion and internal concentrationse6
- Comparator
- untreated rice callie6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e6“No differences in malic excretion and internal concentrations were detected between Al-treated and untreated rice calli of the same four cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in Al resistance among these rice cultivars cannot be attributed to citric and malic acids under the experimental conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- citric and malic acidse7
- Outcome
- differences in Al resistancee7
- Qualifier
- in our experimental conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Aluminum effects on citric and malic acid excretion in roots and calli of rice cultivars”
e7“It is therefore concluded that, in our experimental conditions, differences in Al resistance in our rice cultivars cannot be attributed to citric and malic acids”
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