Abstract
Velvetleaf is one of the most significant and fastest spreading alien weeds in Europe, and it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet. Laboratory experiments were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and field experiments were carried out in 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the aim of finding effective herbicide combinations and optimum timing of control. Herbicides containing the active ingredients phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate, clopyralid, and triflusulfuron were all tested at different timings. Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leaf, but only 27 to 42% control in field trials. Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments and 83 to 88% control in field experiments. The timing of the first and second herbicide applications was very important: the first application of herbicides must be at the cotyledon stage of velvetleaf. A 1-wk delay in first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%. A 5-d period between the first and second treatments gave 93% control, while a 10-d period between the first and second treatments gave only 77% control. Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used, and the velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m −2 . Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatment significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to between 200 and 4,700 seeds m −2 . In most cases, inclusion of triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield. Better velvetleaf control occurred in years when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was higher.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at cotyledon and one-true-leaf stages.
- Taxon
- sugarbeet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesatee1
- Interactor
- velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrastie1weed - Outcome
- velvetleaf controle1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 87%e1
- Qualifier
- when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leafe1
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
The same combination gave only 27 to 42% velvetleaf control in field trials.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesatee1
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie1weed
- Outcome
- controle2
- Direction
- lowerinferrede2
- Value
- 27 to 42%e2
- Setting
- field trialse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments”
e2“but only 27 to 42% control in field trials”
Claim · model-written summary
Triflusulfuron gave 76% velvetleaf control in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Triflusulfurone1
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 76%e1
- Setting
- pot experimentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Triflusulfuron gave 83 to 88% velvetleaf control in field experiments.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Triflusulfurone1
- Outcome
- controle2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 83 to 88%e2
- Setting
- field experimentse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments”
e2“83 to 88% control in field experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
The first herbicide application must be made at the velvetleaf cotyledon stage.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie1weed
- Outcome
- first application of herbicidese1
- Qualifier
- at the cotyledon stage of velvetleafe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“the first application of herbicides must be at the cotyledon stage of velvetleaf”
Claim · model-written summary
A 1-week delay in the first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 1-wk delay in first applicatione1
- Outcome
- herbicide efficacye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“A 1-wk delay in first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%”
Claim · model-written summary
A 5-day interval between the first and second treatments gave 93% velvetleaf control.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 5-d period between the first and second treatmentse1
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 93%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“A 5-d period between the first and second treatments gave 93% control”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10-day interval between the first and second treatments gave only 77% velvetleaf control.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 10-d period between the first and second treatmentse1
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 77%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet”
e1“a 10-d period between the first and second treatments gave only 77% control”
Claim · model-written summary
The standard herbicide combination decreased sugarbeet yield by 60 to 86% through competition with velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- SugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate)e0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- Sugarbeet yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60 to 86%e0
- Qualifier
- due to competition with velvetleafe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m −2 under the standard herbicide combination.
- Taxon
- SugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie1weed
- Outcome
- the velvetleaf producede1
- Value
- between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m −2e1
- Qualifier
- when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used”
e1“the velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding triflusulfuron significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to 200 to 4,700 seeds m −2.
- Taxon
- SugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatmente1
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie1weed
- Outcome
- velvetleaf seed productione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- between 200 and 4,700 seeds m −2e1
- Comparator
- standard herbicide combinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used”
e1“Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatment significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to between 200 and 4,700 seeds m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases, adding triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- inclusion of triflusulfurone0
- Outcome
- sugarbeet yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In most casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, inclusion of triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Better velvetleaf control occurred in years with early sugarbeet canopy development and higher leaf area index.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- velvetleaf controle0
- Direction
- Bettere0
- Qualifier
- when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Better velvetleaf control occurred in years when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was higher”
The same questions in other papers
triflusulfuron · control · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
triflusulfuron · yield · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →phenmedipham · Abutilon theophrasti · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
desmedipham · Abutilon theophrasti · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
triflusulfuron · Abutilon theophrasti · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · Abutilon theophrasti · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.