Abstract
Bioassays were conducted under greenhouse conditions to test the efficacy of antagonists applied to corn (Zea mays) seed for protection against seed rot and seedling damping-off at 18 and 25°C in a field soil artificially infested with a combination of Pythium ultimum, P. arrhenomanes, and Fusarium graminearum. Biomass of Gliocladium virens isolates Gl-3 or Gl-21, Trichoderma viride isolate Tv-1, or peat-based slurry of Burkholderia cepacia isolates Bc-B, Bc-T, or Bc-1 was coated individually onto corn seeds in one test, and Gl-3 or Bc-B at four inoculum levels was used in another test. Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agents, as well as with the fungicide captan, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand, plant height and fresh weight, and decreased root rot severity compared with untreated seeds in pathogen-infested soil. Coating seeds with the biocontrol fungus G. virens isolate Gl-3 was the most effective treatment, resulting in greater (P ≤ 0.05) seedling stand, plant height, and fresh weight, and lower (P ≤ 0.05) severity of root rot than those parameters from seeds treated with captan or other antagonists at both temperatures. The results from the seeds treated with Gl-3 were similar to those of untreated seeds in noninfested soil. In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01). Conversely, in seeds coated with Gl-3 or Gl-21, these parameters were similar at both temperatures. The minimum number of propagules needed per corn seed to obtain plant emergence comparable to that from captan-treated seeds was between 10 4 and 10 5 CFU for Gl-3 and >10 8 for Bc-B. When propagules of Gl-3 were applied at a rate >10 6 CFU per seed, seedling emergence was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than that from captan-treated seeds.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Most biocontrol seed treatments significantly increased stand, height and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- seedling stand, plant height and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- pathogen-infested soile0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agents, as well as with the fungicide captan, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand, plant height and fresh weight, and decreased root rot severity compared with untreated seeds in pathogen-infested soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most biocontrol seed treatments significantly decreased root rot.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agentse0
- Outcome
- root rot severitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agents, as well as with the fungicide captan, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand, plant height and fresh weight, and decreased root rot severity compared with untreated seeds in pathogen-infested soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan significantly increased stand, height and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fungicide captane0
- Outcome
- seedling stand, plant height and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agents, as well as with the fungicide captan, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand, plant height and fresh weight, and decreased root rot severity compared with untreated seeds in pathogen-infested soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan significantly decreased root rot severity.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fungicide captane0
- Outcome
- root rot severitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Seed treatments with most of the biocontrol agents, as well as with the fungicide captan, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand, plant height and fresh weight, and decreased root rot severity compared with untreated seeds in pathogen-infested soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
G. virens Gl-3 gave significantly greater stand, height and fresh weight than captan or other antagonists at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Coating seeds with the biocontrol fungus G. virens isolate Gl-3e0
- Interactor
- G. virens isolate Gl-3Trichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seedling stand, plant height, and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- at both temperaturese0
- Comparator
- captan or other antagonistse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Coating seeds with the biocontrol fungus G. virens isolate Gl-3 was the most effective treatment, resulting in greater (P ≤ 0.05) seedling stand, plant height, and fresh weight, and lower (P ≤ 0.05) severity of root rot than those parameters from seeds treated with captan or other antagonists at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
G. virens Gl-3 gave significantly lower root rot than captan or other antagonists.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Coating seeds with the biocontrol fungus G. virens isolate Gl-3e0
- Interactor
- G. virens isolate Gl-3Trichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severity of root rote0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- captan or other antagonistse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Coating seeds with the biocontrol fungus G. virens isolate Gl-3 was the most effective treatment, resulting in greater (P ≤ 0.05) seedling stand, plant height, and fresh weight, and lower (P ≤ 0.05) severity of root rot than those parameters from seeds treated with captan or other antagonists at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gl-3 results were similar to untreated seeds in noninfested soil.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- seeds treated with Gl-3e0
- Interactor
- Gl-3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- resultse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- untreated seeds in noninfested soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“The results from the seeds treated with Gl-3 were similar to those of untreated seeds in noninfested soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected emergence, root rot and height with Bc-1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergence, root rot severity, plant heighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected emergence, root rot and height with Bc-T.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-Te0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergence, root rot severity, plant heighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected emergence, root rot and height with Bc-B.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-Be0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergence, root rot severity, plant heighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected emergence, root rot and height with Tv-1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Tv-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergence, root rot severity, plant heighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected fresh weight with Bc-1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected fresh weight with Bc-T.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-Te0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected fresh weight with Bc-B.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Bc-Be0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature significantly affected fresh weight with Tv-1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Tv-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“In treatments with Bc-1, Bc-T, Bc-B, or Tv-1, incubation temperature affected plant emergence, root rot severity, plant height, and fresh weight (P ≤ 0.01).”
Claim · model-written summary
Gl-3 emergence, disease and growth parameters were similar at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- both temperaturese0
- Interactor
- Gl-3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parameterse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Conversely, in seeds coated with Gl-3 or Gl-21, these parameters were similar at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gl-21 emergence, disease and growth parameters were similar at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- both temperaturese0
- Interactor
- Gl-21e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parameterse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Conversely, in seeds coated with Gl-3 or Gl-21, these parameters were similar at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gl-3 required between 10 4 and 10 5 CFU per seed for emergence comparable to captan.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Interactor
- Gl-3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergencee0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Value
- between 10 4 and 10 5 CFUe0
- Comparator
- captan-treated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum number of propagules needed per corn seed to obtain plant emergence comparable to that from captan-treated seeds was between 10 4 and 10 5 CFU for Gl-3 and >10 8 for Bc-B.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bc-B required more than 10 8 propagules per seed for emergence comparable to captan.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Interactor
- Bc-Be0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant emergencee0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Value
- >10 8e0
- Comparator
- captan-treated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum number of propagules needed per corn seed to obtain plant emergence comparable to that from captan-treated seeds was between 10 4 and 10 5 CFU for Gl-3 and >10 8 for Bc-B.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gl-3 above 10 6 CFU per seed gave significantly greater emergence than captan.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- propagules of Gl-3 were applied at a rate >10 6 CFU per seede0
- Interactor
- Gl-3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- captan-treated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“When propagules of Gl-3 were applied at a rate >10 6 CFU per seed, seedling emergence was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than that from captan-treated seeds.”
The same questions in other papers
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1 in the opposite direction
- negative
captan · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma virens · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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captan · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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- positive
- negative
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See all 36 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.