Abstract
Soil-borne Trichoderma spp. have been extensively studied for their biocontrol activities against pathogens and growth promotion ability in plants. However, the beneficial effect of Trichoderma on inducing resistance against insect herbivores has been underexplored. Among diverse Trichoderma species, consistent with previous reports, we showed that root colonization by T. virens triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR) to the leaf-infecting hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola. Whether T. virens induces ISR to insect pests has not been tested before. In this study, we investigated whether T. virens affects jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and defense against fall armyworm (FAW) and western corn rootworm (WCR). Unexpectedly, the results showed that T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soil suppressed wound-induced production of JA, resulting in reduced resistance to FAW. Similarly, the bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84 was found to suppress systemic resistance to FAW due to reduced JA. Further comparative analyses of the systemic effects of these endophytes when applied in sterile or non-sterile field soil showed that both T. virens and P. chlororaphis 30-84 triggered ISR against C. graminicola in both soil conditions, but only suppressed JA production and resistance to FAW in sterile soil, while no significant impact was observed when applied in non-sterile soil. In contrast to the effect on FAW defense, T. virens colonization of maize roots suppressed WCR larvae survival and weight gain. This is the first report suggesting the potential role of T. virens as a biocontrol agent against WCR.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization by T. virens triggered induced systemic resistance in maize to Colletotrichum graminicola.
- Treatment
- root colonization by T. virense0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum graminicola
_G.W._Wilson_1235209.jpg?width=60)
Colletotrichum graminicolae0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- induced systemic resistance (ISR)e0
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_G.W._Wilson_1235209.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e0“we showed that root colonization by T. virens triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR) to the leaf-infecting hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens colonization of maize seedlings in autoclaved soil suppressed wound-induced JA production.
- Treatment
- T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soile1
- Interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense1symbiont
- Outcome
- wound-induced production of JAe1
- Direction
- suppressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e1“T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soil suppressed wound-induced production of JA, resulting in reduced resistance to FAW”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens colonization of maize seedlings in autoclaved soil reduced resistance to fall armyworm.
- Treatment
- T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soile1
- Interactor
- FAWe1pest
- Outcome
- resistance to FAWe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e1“T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soil suppressed wound-induced production of JA, resulting in reduced resistance to FAW”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84 suppressed systemic resistance to fall armyworm, due to reduced JA.
- Treatment
- bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84e3
- Interactor
- FAWe3pest
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens 30-84e3symbiont
- Compound
- JAe3
- Outcome
- systemic resistance to FAWe3
- Direction
- suppresse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e3“the bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84 was found to suppress systemic resistance to FAW due to reduced JA”
Claim · model-written summary
Both T. virens and P. chlororaphis 30-84 triggered ISR against Colletotrichum graminicola in both soil conditions.
- Interactor
- C. graminicolaColletotrichum graminicolae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense4symbiont
- Outcome
- ISRe4
- Setting
- in both soil conditionse4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e4“both T. virens and P. chlororaphis 30-84 triggered ISR against C. graminicola in both soil conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Both endophytes suppressed JA production and resistance to fall armyworm in sterile soil.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e5“only suppressed JA production and resistance to FAW in sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte application in non-sterile field soil had no significant impact on JA production or resistance to fall armyworm.
- Outcome
- JA production and resistance to FAWe5
- Direction
- no significant impacte6
- Setting
- non-sterile soile6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e5“only suppressed JA production and resistance to FAW in sterile soil”
e6“while no significant impact was observed when applied in non-sterile soil”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens colonization of maize roots suppressed western corn rootworm larval survival and weight gain.
- Treatment
- T. virens colonization of maize rootse7
- Interactor
- WCRe7pest
- Second interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- WCR larvae survival and weight gaine7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight”
e7“T. virens colonization of maize roots suppressed WCR larvae survival and weight gain”
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