Abstract
Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L −1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L −1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum , but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L −1 ) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 ) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal vapor controlled blue and gray molds on apple slices.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Hexanale0
- Interactor
- blue and gray moldse0pathogen
- Outcome
- blue and gray moldse0
- Direction
- effective controle0
- Setting
- laboratory experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal reduced gray mold in Anjou pears stored for seven months.
- Material
- ‘Anjou’e0
- Treatment
- hexanale0
- Interactor
- gray molde0pathogen
- Outcome
- gray molde0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- stored for 7 monthse0
PyrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal was not corrosive in the Anjou pear bin trial.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal inactivated B. cinerea conidia on pear surfaces at both stated exposure schedules.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communise0 - Treatment
- hexanale0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surfacee0
- Qualifier
- 2 mg·L −1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L −1 for 18 hourse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L −1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L −1 for 18 hours.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal reduced blue mold decay in inoculated Gala apples at 15 ºC, although it was less effective than on pears.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- ‘Gala’e0
- Treatment
- hexanalt0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- blue mold decaye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- 15 ºCe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum , but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC.”
t0“Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying hexanal after wounding increased gray and blue mold in inoculated fruit.
- Taxon
- fruite0
- Treatment
- hexanale0
- Interactor
- gray and blue moldse0pathogen
- Outcome
- gray and blue moldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after wounds were made in inoculated fruite0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest cyprodinil reduced blue and gray molds in fruit wounds with or without hexanal fumigation.
- Taxon
- fruitt0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil (0.62 g·L −1 )e0
- Interactor
- blue and gray moldse0pathogen
- Outcome
- blue and gray molds in woundse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- with or without hexanal fumigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L −1 ) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation.”
t0“Stored Pome Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined cyprodinil and hexanal strategy gave the most mold-free Anjou pears in 2003.
- Material
- ‘Anjou’e0
- Treatment
- this strategye0
- Interactor
- molde0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of mold-free fruite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in 2003e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined strategy produced the least gray and blue mold decay in Anjou pears in 2003 and 2004 after four months of storage.
- Treatment
- strategyt0
- Interactor
- gray and blue molde0pathogen
- Outcome
- gray and blue mold decaye0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 monthse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months.”
t0“a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal fumigation reduced wound rot in stored apples to 1% versus 10% in controls.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- hexanal fumigatione0
- Interactor
- rote0pathogen
- Outcome
- rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1%e0
- Qualifier
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexanal concentration during fumigation declined slowly over 24 hours.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period”
Claim · model-written summary
A third-order polynomial accurately described fumigation hexanal concentration.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate hexanal fumigation was not phytotoxic to Anjou pears and Gala apples.
- Taxon
- pears and ‘Gala’ applese0
- Treatment
- Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- not phytotoxice0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 ) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate hexanal fumigation improved aroma in Anjou pears and Gala apples.
- Taxon
- pears and ‘Gala’ applese0
- Treatment
- Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- aromae0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 ) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate hexanal fumigation did not harm firmness, pH, acidity or soluble solids of apples and pears.
- Taxon
- apple or pearMalus domesticaPyrus communise0
- Treatment
- Hexanal fumigatione0
- Outcome
- firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solidse0
- Direction
- no harmful effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L −1 ) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.”
The same questions in other papers
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.