Abstract
Mannitol is a putative osmoprotectant contributing to salt tolerance in several species. Arabidopsis plants transformed with the mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene from celery were dramatically more salt tolerant (at 100 mM NaCl) as exhibited by reduced salt injury, less inhibition of vegetative growth, and increased seed production relative to the wild type (WT). When treated with 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, but did bolt, and exhibited less chlorosis/necrosis and greater survival and dry weights than the WT. Without salt there were no M6PR effects on growth or phenotype, but expression levels of 2272 genes were altered. Many fewer differences (1039) were observed between M6PR and WT plants in the presence of salt, suggesting that M6PR pre-conditioned the plants to stress. Previous work suggested that mannitol is an osmoprotectant, but mannitol levels are invariably quite low, perhaps inadequate for osmoprotectant effects. In this study, transcriptome analysis reveals that the M6PR transgene activated the downstream abscisic acid (ABA) pathway by up-regulation of ABA receptor genes (PYL4, PYL5, and PYL6) and down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2C genes (ABI1 and ABI2). In the M6PR transgenic lines there were also increases in transcripts related to redox and cell wall-strengthening pathways. These data indicate that mannitol-enhanced stress tolerance is due at least in part to increased expression of a variety of stress-inducible genes.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
M6PR transgenic Arabidopsis showed reduced salt injury at 100 mM NaCl relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle1
- Gene
- mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR)e1
- Outcome
- salt injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- wild type (WT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Arabidopsis plants transformed with the mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene from celery were dramatically more salt tolerant (at 100 mM NaCl) as exhibited by reduced salt injury, less inhibition of vegetative growth, and increased seed production relative to the wild type (WT)”
Claim · model-written summary
M6PR transgenic Arabidopsis showed less inhibition of vegetative growth at 100 mM NaCl relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle1
- Gene
- mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR)e1
- Outcome
- inhibition of vegetative growthe1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- wild type (WT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Arabidopsis plants transformed with the mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene from celery were dramatically more salt tolerant (at 100 mM NaCl) as exhibited by reduced salt injury, less inhibition of vegetative growth, and increased seed production relative to the wild type (WT)”
Claim · model-written summary
M6PR transgenic Arabidopsis produced increased seed production at 100 mM NaCl relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle1
- Gene
- mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR)e1
- Outcome
- seed productione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- wild type (WT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Arabidopsis plants transformed with the mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene from celery were dramatically more salt tolerant (at 100 mM NaCl) as exhibited by reduced salt injury, less inhibition of vegetative growth, and increased seed production relative to the wild type (WT)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, transformants showed less chlorosis and necrosis than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle2
- Outcome
- chlorosis/necrosise2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- WTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“When treated with 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, but did bolt, and exhibited less chlorosis/necrosis and greater survival and dry weights than the WT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, transformants showed greater survival and dry weights than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle2
- Outcome
- survival and dry weightse2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- WTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“When treated with 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, but did bolt, and exhibited less chlorosis/necrosis and greater survival and dry weights than the WT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, although they bolted.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle2
- Outcome
- seedse2
- Qualifier
- did bolte2
- Comparator
- WTe2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“When treated with 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, but did bolt, and exhibited less chlorosis/necrosis and greater survival and dry weights than the WT”
Claim · model-written summary
Without salt, the M6PR transgene had no effect on growth or phenotype.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Without salte3
- Gene
- M6PRe3
- Outcome
- growth or phenotypee3
- Direction
- no M6PR effectse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“Without salt there were no M6PR effects on growth or phenotype, but expression levels of 2272 genes were altered”
Claim · model-written summary
Without salt, expression levels of 2272 genes were altered in M6PR plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Without salte3
- Outcome
- expression levels of 2272 genese3
- Direction
- alterede3
- Value
- 2272 genese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“Without salt there were no M6PR effects on growth or phenotype, but expression levels of 2272 genes were altered”
Claim · model-written summary
In the presence of salt, far fewer genes differed between M6PR and wild-type plants (1039 differences).
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- in the presence of salte4
- Outcome
- differencese4
- Direction
- Many fewere4
- Value
- 1039e4
- Comparator
- WT plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e4“Many fewer differences (1039) were observed between M6PR and WT plants in the presence of salt”
Claim · model-written summary
The M6PR transgene appears to pre-condition plants to stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- M6PRe5
- Outcome
- pre-conditioned the plants to stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“suggesting that M6PR pre-conditioned the plants to stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The M6PR transgene up-regulated ABA receptor genes PYL4, PYL5 and PYL6.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- M6PR transgenee6
- Gene
- PYL4, PYL5, and PYL6e6
- Outcome
- ABA receptor genese6
- Direction
- up-regulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e6“the M6PR transgene activated the downstream abscisic acid (ABA) pathway by up-regulation of ABA receptor genes (PYL4, PYL5, and PYL6) and down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2C genes (ABI1 and ABI2)”
Claim · model-written summary
The M6PR transgene down-regulated protein phosphatase 2C genes ABI1 and ABI2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- M6PR transgenee6
- Gene
- ABI1 and ABI2e6
- Outcome
- protein phosphatase 2C genese6
- Direction
- down-regulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e6“the M6PR transgene activated the downstream abscisic acid (ABA) pathway by up-regulation of ABA receptor genes (PYL4, PYL5, and PYL6) and down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2C genes (ABI1 and ABI2)”
Claim · model-written summary
In M6PR transgenic lines, transcripts related to redox and cell wall-strengthening pathways increased.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- M6PR transgenic linese7
- Outcome
- transcripts related to redox and cell wall-strengthening pathwayse7
- Direction
- increasese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e7“In the M6PR transgenic lines there were also increases in transcripts related to redox and cell wall-strengthening pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
Mannitol-enhanced stress tolerance is due at least in part to increased expression of stress-inducible genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- mannitol-enhanced stress tolerancee7
- Qualifier
- increased expression of a variety of stress-inducible genese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e7“mannitol-enhanced stress tolerance is due at least in part to increased expression of a variety of stress-inducible genes”
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