Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a well-identified problem in cereals, resulting in decreased crop yields and nutritional quality. Approximately half of the world's population suffers from Zn deficiency. Cereal crops play an important role in satisfying daily calorie intake in developing world, but they are inherently very low in grain-Zn concentrations, particularly when grown under Zn-deficient soils. Therefore, it is essential to increase the Zn concentration in cereal grains particularly in basmati rice. Application of Zn fertilizers or Zn-enriched [nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K)] fertilizers (ferti-fortification) offers a rapid solution for increasing Zn concentration in grain and straw. The present study was therefore undertaken to study nutrient concentrations in grain and straw, their uptake and use-efficiencies as influenced by summer green manuring (SGM) and Zn fertilization. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during summer and rainy (Kharif) seasons (April–November) of 2008 and 2009; indicated that SGM and Zn fertilization had significant effects on concentrations and uptake of N, K, sulfur (S), Zn, manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in basmati rice grain and straw. Amongst the SGM and Zn fertilization treatments, Sesbania aculeata green manuring (GM) and 2.0% Zn-enriched urea (ZEU) as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.H2O) recorded the highest N, K, S, Mn, Cu, and Fe concentrations, and their uptake in grain and straw as well as total (grain + straw) of basmati rice compared to rest of the SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatments. In regards to Zn concentration, foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O) recorded the highest values of Zn concentration in grain and straw viz. 24.1, 24.1 and 177.7, and 179.2 mg kg−1 DM during 2008 and 2009, respectively. Whereas, 2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2O recorded the highest total Zn uptake viz. 3081.6 and 3089.0 g ha−1 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The estimated values viz. partial factor productivity (PFP) and crop recovery efficiency (CRE) of applied N were the highest with Sesbania aculeata GM and 2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2O treatments. But, the highest physiological efficiency (PE) of applied N was obtained after summer fallow and control (only N) viz. 25.7, 20.1 and 27.1, and 21.9 kg grain kg−1 of N absorbed in 2008 and 2009. All the Zn-use indices were also influenced significantly due to SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatments except ZnHI of basmati rice. Agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied Zn to rice crop was significantly higher with mungbean (Vigna radiata) GM and ZnO slurry Zn fertilization treatment, however, 0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO4.H2O recorded the highest Zn crop recovery efficiency (Zn CRE) viz. 57.6 and 61.6%, respectively. Overall, application of Zn fertilizer (ferti-fortification) to basmati rice through ZEU and foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O) increased Zn concentration in grain and straw, resulting in greater bio-availability of grain Zn. Therefore, this would be a very important and useful strategy in solving the Zn deficiency related problems in Indo-Gangetic plains of India.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Green manuring and zinc fertilization significantly affected several nutrient concentrations and uptakes in rice grain and straw.
- Taxon
- basmati ricee0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe0
- Treatment
- SGM and Zn fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- concentrations and uptake of N, K, sulfur (S), Zn, manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“SGM and Zn fertilization had significant effects on concentrations and uptake of N, K, sulfur (S), Zn, manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in basmati rice grain and straw.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure and zinc-enriched urea yielded the highest non-zinc nutrient concentrations and uptake.
- Taxon
- basmati ricee0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe0
- Treatment
- Sesbania aculeata green manuring (GM) and 2.0% Zn-enriched urea (ZEU) as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.H2O)e0
- Outcome
- N, K, S, Mn, Cu, and Fe concentrations, and their uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- rest of the SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatmentse0
Verbatim
e0“Sesbania aculeata green manuring (GM) and 2.0% Zn-enriched urea (ZEU) as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.H2O) recorded the highest N, K, S, Mn, Cu, and Fe concentrations, and their uptake in grain and straw as well as total (grain + straw) of basmati rice compared to rest of the SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc sulfate gave the highest grain zinc concentrations, 24.1 mg kg−1 DM in both years.
- Treatment
- foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O)e0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in graine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 24.1e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O) recorded the highest values of Zn concentration in grain and straw viz. 24.1, 24.1 and 177.7, and 179.2 mg kg−1 DM during 2008 and 2009, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc sulfate gave the highest straw zinc concentrations, 177.7 and 179.2 mg kg−1 DM in 2008 and 2009.
- Treatment
- foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O)e0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in grain and strawe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 177.7, and 179.2 mg kg−1 DMe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O) recorded the highest values of Zn concentration in grain and straw viz. 24.1, 24.1 and 177.7, and 179.2 mg kg−1 DM during 2008 and 2009, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-enriched urea gave the highest total zinc uptake in both years.
- Treatment
- 2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2Oe0
- Outcome
- total Zn uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3081.6 and 3089.0 g ha−1e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2O recorded the highest total Zn uptake viz. 3081.6 and 3089.0 g ha−1 in 2008 and 2009, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure plus zinc-enriched urea gave the highest nitrogen partial factor productivity and crop recovery efficiency.
- Treatment
- Sesbania aculeata GM and 2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2O treatmentse0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity (PFP) and crop recovery efficiency (CRE) of applied Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“partial factor productivity (PFP) and crop recovery efficiency (CRE) of applied N were the highest with Sesbania aculeata GM and 2.0% ZEU as ZnSO4.H2O treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer fallow and nitrogen-only control gave the highest physiological efficiency of applied nitrogen.
- Treatment
- summer fallow and control (only N)e0
- Outcome
- physiological efficiency (PE) of applied Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 25.7, 20.1 and 27.1, and 21.9 kg grain kg−1 of N absorbede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“highest physiological efficiency (PE) of applied N was obtained after summer fallow and control (only N) viz. 25.7, 20.1 and 27.1, and 21.9 kg grain kg−1 of N absorbed in 2008 and 2009.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manuring and zinc fertilizer significantly influenced zinc-use indices except zinc harvest index.
- Taxon
- basmati ricee0
- Treatment
- SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Zn-use indicese0
- Qualifier
- except ZnHIe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“All the Zn-use indices were also influenced significantly due to SGM crops and Zn fertilization treatments except ZnHI of basmati rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean green manure and zinc oxide slurry gave significantly higher zinc agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- rice crop
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- mungbean (Vigna radiata) GM and ZnO slurry Zn fertilization treatmente0
- Outcome
- Agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied Zne0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied Zn to rice crop was significantly higher with mungbean (Vigna radiata) GM and ZnO slurry Zn fertilization treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc sulfate gave the highest zinc crop recovery efficiency, 57.6 and 61.6%.
- Treatment
- 0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO4.H2Oe0
- Outcome
- Zn crop recovery efficiency (Zn CRE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 57.6 and 61.6%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO4.H2O recorded the highest Zn crop recovery efficiency (Zn CRE) viz. 57.6 and 61.6%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude zinc-enriched urea and foliar zinc sulfate increase zinc concentration in grain and straw.
- Taxon
- basmati ricee0
- Treatment
- ZEU and foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O)e0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in grain and strawe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“application of Zn fertilizer (ferti-fortification) to basmati rice through ZEU and foliar spray of 0.2% (ZnSO4.H2O) increased Zn concentration in grain and straw, resulting in greater bio-availability of grain Zn.”
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